Schools/After School

Academic Performance

Action for Healthy Kids. The Learning Connection: The Value of Improving Nutrition and Physical Activity in our Schools. 2004. Available at: http://www.actionforhealthykids.org/special_exclusive.php.

Datar A, Sturm R and Magnabosco JL. "Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: National Study of Kindergartners and First-Graders." Obesity Research, 12(1): 58-68, 2004.

Florence MD, Asbridge M and Veugelers PJ. "Diet Quality and Academic Performance." The Journal of School Health, 78(4): 209-15, 2008.

Frongillo EA, Jyoti DF and Jones SJ. "Food Stamp Program Participation is Associated with Better Academic Learning among School Children." The Journal of Nutrition, 136(4): 1077-80, 2006.

Gajre NS, Fernandez S, Balakrishna N, et al. "Breakfast Eating Habit and its Influence on Attention-Concentration, Immediate Memory and School Achievement." Indian Pediatrics, 45(10): 824-8, 2008.

Hoyland A, Dye L and Lawton CL. "A Systematic Review of the Effect of Breakfast on the Cognitive Performance of Children and Adolescents." Nutrition Research Reviews, 22(2): 220-43, 2009.

Kleinman RE, Hall S, Green H, et al. "Diet, Breakfast, and Academic Performance in Children." Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 46(Suppl 1): 24-30, 2002.

Lien L. "Is Breakfast Consumption Related to Mental Distress and Academic Performance in Adolescents?" Public Health Nutrition, 10(4): 422-8, 2007.

MacLellan D, Taylor J and Wood K. "Food Intake and Academic Performance among Adolescents." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 69(3): 141-4, 2008.

Murphy JM, Pagano ME, Nachmani J, et al. "The Relationship of School Breakfast to Psychosocial and Academic Functioning: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Observations in an Inner-City School Sample." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 152(9): 899-907, 1998.

Muthayya S, Thomas T, Srinivasan K, et al. "Consumption of a Mid-Morning Snack Improves Memory but Not Attention in School Children." Physiology & Behavior, 90(1): 142-50, 2007.

Nansel TR, Huang TT, Rovner AJ, et al. "Association of School Performance Indicators with Implementation of the Healthy Kids, Smart Kids Programme: Case Study." Public Health Nutrition, 13(1): 116-22, 2010.

Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, et al. "Breakfast Habits, Nutritional Status, Body Weight, and Academic Performance in Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(5): 743-60, 2005.

Shilts MK, Lamp C, Horowitz M, et al. "Pilot Study: EatFit Impacts Sixth Graders' Academic Performance on Achievement of Mathematics and English Education Standards." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41(2): 127-31, 2009.

Taras H. "Nutrition and Student Performance at School." The Journal of School Health, 75(6): 199-213, 2005.

Tershakovec AM, Weller SC and Gallagher PR. "Obesity, School Performance and Behaviour of Black, Urban Elementary School Children." International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 18(5): 323-7, 1994.

After School

Coleman KJ, Geller KS, Rosenkranz RR, et al. "Physical Activity and Healthy Eating in the After-School Environment." The Journal of School Health, 78(12): 633-40, 2008.

Engels HJ, Gretebeck RJ, Gretebeck KA, et al. "Promoting Healthful Diets and Exercise: Efficacy of a 12-Week After-School Program in Urban African Americans." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(3): 455-9, 2005.

Gutin B, Yin Z, Johnson M, et al. "Preliminary Findings of the Effect of a 3-Year After-School Physical Activity Intervention on Fitness and Body Fat: The Medical College of Georgia Fitkid Project." International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 3(Suppl 1): 3-9, 2008.

Hyland R, Stacy R, Adamson A, et al. "Nutrition-Related Health Promotion through an After-School Project: The Responses of Children and their Families." Social Science & Medicine, 62(3): 758-68, 2006.

Kelder S, Hoelscher DM, Barroso CS, et al. "The CATCH Kids Club: A Pilot After-School Study for Improving Elementary Students' Nutrition and Physical Activity." Public Health Nutrition, 8(2): 133-40, 2005.

Lissau I and Poulsen J. "Nutrition Policy, Food and Drinks at School and After School Care." International Journal of Obesity, 29(Suppl 2): S58-61, 2005.

Madsen KA, Thompson HR, Wlasiuk L, et al. "After-School Program to Reduce Obesity in Minority Children: A Pilot Study." Journal of Child Health Care, 13(4): 333-46, 2009.

Martinez Vizcaino V, Salcedo Aguilar F, Franquelo Gutierrez R, et al. "Assessment of an After-School Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity among 9- to 10-Year-Old Children: A Cluster Randomized Trial." International Journal of Obesity, 32(1): 12-22, 2008.

Mozaffarian RS, Wiecha JL, Roth BA, et al. "Impact of an Organizational Intervention Designed to Improve Snack and Beverage Quality in YMCA After-School Programs." American Journal of Public Health, 2010.

Pate RR and O'Neill JR. "After-School Interventions to Increase Physical Activity among Youth." British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1): 14-8, 2009.

Rinderknecht K and Smith C. "Social Cognitive Theory in an After-School Nutrition Intervention for Urban Native American Youth." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 36(6): 298-304, 2004.

Speroni KG, Earley C and Atherton M. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Kids Living Fit Program: A Comparative Study." The Journal of School Nursing, 23(6): 329-36, 2007.

Story M, Sherwood NE, Himes JH, et al. "An After-School Obesity Prevention Program for African-American Girls: The Minnesota GEMS Pilot Study." Ethnicity & Disease, 13(1 Suppl 1): S54-64, 2003.

Tester JM, Yen IH, Laraia B. Mobile Food Vending and the After-school Food Environment. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;38(1):70-3.

Topp R, Jacks DE, Wedig RT, et al. "Reducing Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity: The Tommie Smith Youth Athletic Initiative." Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(6): 715-30, 2009.

Trost SG, Rosenkranz RR and Dzewaltowski D. "Physical Activity Levels among Children Attending After-School Programs." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(4): 622-9, 2008.

Wiecha JL, Nelson TF, Roth BA, et al. "Disseminating Health Promotion Practices in After-School Programs through YMCA Learning Collaboratives." American Journal of Health Promotion, 24(3): 190-8, 2010.

Yin Z, Hanes J,Jr, Moore JB, et al. "An After-School Physical Activity Program for Obesity Prevention in Children: The Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project." Evaluation & the Health Professions, 28(1): 67-89, 2005.

Assessments and Areas of Need

Addison CC, Jenkins BW, White MS, et al. "Examination of the Food and Nutrient Content of School Lunch Menus of Two School Districts in Mississippi." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 3(3): 278-85, 2006.

Arcan C, Kubik MY, Fulkerson JA, et al. "Sociodemographic Differences in Selected Eating Practices among Alternative High School Students." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(5): 823-9, 2009.

Austin SB, Fung T, Cohen-Bearak A, et al. "Facilitating Change in School Health: A Qualitative Study of Schools' Experiences using the School Health Index." Preventing Chronic Disease, 3(2): A35, 2006.

Carter MA and Swinburn B. "Measuring the 'Obesogenic' Food Environment in New Zealand Primary Schools." Health Promotion International, 19(1): 15-20, 2004.

Cho H and Nadow MZ. "Understanding Barriers to Implementing Quality Lunch and Nutrition Education." Journal of Community Health, 29(5): 421-35, 2004.

Conway TL, Sallis JF, Pelletier RL, et al. "What do Middle School Children Bring in their Bag Lunches?" Preventive Medicine, 34(4): 422-7, 2002.

Dunton GF, Lagloire R and Robertson T. "Using the RE-AIM Framework to Evaluate the Statewide Dissemination of a School-Based Physical Activity and Nutrition Curriculum: "Exercise Your Options"." American Journal of Health Promotion, 23(4): 229-32, 2009.

French SA, Story M and Fulkerson JA. "School Food Policies and Practices: A State-Wide Survey of Secondary School Principals." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(12): 1785-9, 2002.

Gleason P, Suitor C and U.S. Food and Nutrition Service. Children's Diets in the Mid-1990s: Dietary Intake and its Relationship with School Meal Participation. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, 2001.

Greves HM and Rivara FP. "Report Card on School Snack Food Policies among the United States' Largest School Districts in 2004-2005: Room for Improvement." The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3: 1, 2006.

Hearst MO, Lytle LA, Pasch KE, et al. "Inventory Versus Checklist Approach to Assess Middle School a La Carte Food Availability." The Journal of School Health, 79(12): 593-8, 2009.

Jones SE, Axelrad R and Wattigney WA. "Healthy and Safe School Environment, Part II, Physical School Environment: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006." The Journal of School Health, 77(8): 544-56, 2007.

Jones SE, Fisher CJ, Greene BZ, et al. "Healthy and Safe School Environment, Part I: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006." The Journal of School Health, 77(8): 522-43, 2007.

Katz DL, O'Connell M, Yeh MC, et al. "Public Health Strategies for Preventing and Controlling Overweight and Obesity in School and Worksite Settings: A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54(RR-10): 1-12, 2005.

Mitchell SA, Miles CL, Brennan L, et al. "Reliability of the School Food Checklist for in-School Audits and Photograph Analysis of Children's Packed Lunches." Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 23(1): 48-53, 2010.

Neuhouser ML, Lilley S, Lund A, et al. "Development and Validation of a Beverage and Snack Questionnaire for use in Evaluation of School Nutrition Policies." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(9): 1587-92, 2009.

Patel AI, Bogart LM, Uyeda KE, et al. "Perceptions about Availability and Adequacy of Drinking Water in a Large California School District." Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(2): A39, 2010.

Pediatric Obesity Prevention Study. "Pediatric Obesity in Texas: Does the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy Affect Child Nutrition?" Texas Medicine, 102(10): 47-57, 2006.

Richter KP, Harris KJ, Paine-Andrews A, et al. "Measuring the Health Environment for Physical Activity and Nutrition among Youth: A Review of the Literature and Applications for Community Initiatives." Preventive Medicine, 31(2): S98-S111, 2000.

Roberts SM, Pobocik RS, Deek R, et al. "A Qualitative Study of Junior High School Principals' and School Food Service Directors' Experiences with the Texas School Nutrition Policy." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41(4): 293-9, 2009.

Samuels SE, Bullock SL, Woodward-Lopez G, et al. "To what Extent have High Schools in California been Able to Implement State-Mandated Nutrition Standards?" The Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3 Suppl): S38-44, 2009.

Sanigorski AM, Bell AC, Kremer PJ, et al. "Lunchbox Contents of Australian School Children: Room for Improvement." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(11): 1310-6, 2005.

Sherry JS. "An Evaluation of Elementary School Nutrition Practices and Policies in a Southern Illinois County." The Journal of School Nursing, 24(4): 222-8, 2008.

Story M. "The Third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study: Findings and Policy Implications for Improving the Health of US Children." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S7-13, 2009.

Swanson M. "Digital Photography as a Tool to Measure School Cafeteria Consumption." The Journal of School Health, 78(8): 432-7, 2008.

Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Delva J, et al. "The School Food Environment and Student Body Mass Index and Food Consumption: 2004 to 2007 National Data." The Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3 Suppl): S45-56, 2009.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School Lunch Program Efforts Needed to Improve Nutrition and Encourage Healthy Eating: Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.

Beverages

Guidelines for Competitive Beverages. Alliance for a Healthier Generation, an initiative of the Clinton Foundation and the American Heart Association, 2009. Available at http://www.healthiergeneration.org/companies.aspx?id=3306.

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on School Health. "Soft Drinks in Schools." Pediatrics, 113(1): 152-4, 2004.

Blum JE, Davee AM, Beaudoin CM, et al. "Reduced Availability of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Diet Soda has a Limited Impact on Beverage Consumption Patterns in Maine High School Youth." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 40(6): 341-7, 2008.

Briefel RR, Wilson A and Gleason PM. "Consumption of Low-Nutrient, Energy-Dense Foods and Beverages at School, Home, and Other Locations among School Lunch Participants and Nonparticipants." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S79-90, 2009.

Brown DM and Tammineni SK. "Managing Sales of Beverages in Schools to Preserve Profits and Improve Children's Nutrition Intake in 15 Mississippi Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(12): 2036-42, 2009.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Effects of Switching from Whole to Low-fat/fat-Free Milk in Public Schools - New York City, 2004-2009." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(3): 70-3, 2010.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Availability of Less Nutritious Snack Foods and Beverages in Secondary Schools - Selected States, 2002-2008." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(39): 1102-4, 2009.

Fernandes MM. "The Effect of Soft Drink Availability in Elementary Schools on Consumption." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(9): 1445-52, 2008.

Forshee RA, Storey ML and Ginevan ME. "A Risk Analysis Model of the Relationship between Beverage Consumption from School Vending Machines and Risk of Adolescent Overweight." Risk Analysis, 25(5): 1121-35, 2005.

Hendel-Paterson M, French SA and Story M. "Parental Attitudes Towards Soft Drink Vending Machines in High Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(10): 1597-600, 2004.

Isaacs S and Swartz A. Banning Junk Foods and Soda Sales in the State's Public Schools. The California Endowment, 2006. Available at: http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/PDFs/TCE%20Case%20Study.pdf.

Johanson J, Smith J and Wootan MG. Raw Deal: School Beverage Contracts Less Lucrative than they seem. Center for Science in the Public Interest and Public Health Advocacy Institute, 2006. Available at: http://www.cspinet.org/beveragecontracts.pdf.

Johnson DB, Bruemmer B, Lund AE, et al. "Impact of School District Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Policies on Student Beverage Exposure and Consumption in Middle Schools." The Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3 Suppl): S30-7, 2009.

Johnston LD, Delva J and O'Malley PM. "Soft Drink Availability, Contracts, and Revenues in American Secondary Schools." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(4 Suppl): S209-25, 2007.

Jones SJ, Gonzalez W and Frongillo EA. "Policies that Restrict Sweetened Beverage Availability may Reduce Consumption in Elementary-School Children." Public Health Nutrition, 2009.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA and Story M. "Soft Drinks, Candy, and Fast Food: What Parents and Teachers Think about the Middle School Food Environment." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(2): 233-9, 2005.

Patel AI, Bogart LM, Uyeda KE, et al. "Perceptions about Availability and Adequacy of Drinking Water in a Large California School District." Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(2): A39, 2010.

Pinkas D. Healthy Beverage Vending Agreement. Public Health Law and Policy, 2007. Available at: http://www.nplanonline.org/nplan/products/model-healthy-beverage-vending-agreement

Probart C, McDonnell E, Bailey-Davis L, et al. "Existence and Predictors of Soft Drink Advertisements in Pennsylvania High Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(12): 2052-6, 2006.

Thompson VJ, Bachman C, Watson K, et al. "Measures of Self-Efficacy and Norms for Low-Fat Milk Consumption are Reliable and Related to Beverage Consumption among 5th Graders at School Lunch." Public Health Nutrition, 11(4): 421-6, 2008.

Van der Horst K, Timperio A, Crawford D, et al. "The School Food Environment Associations with Adolescent Soft Drink and Snack Consumption." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3): 217-23, 2008.

Commodity Foods

Hecht K, Sharp M, Beller D, et al. The Federal Child Nutrition Commodity Program: A Report on Nutritional Quality. California Food Policy Advocates, September 2008. Available at: http://www.cfpa.net/School_Food/commodities_full.pdf.

Competitive Foods/A La Carte/Vending

Competitive Foods in Schools: Child Nutrition Policy Brief. Food Research and Action Center, nd. Available at: http://www.frac.org/html/publications/pubs.htm#child.

Foods Sold in Competition with the USDA Meal Programs: A Report to Congress. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2001. Available at: http://www.commercialalert.org/competitivefoods.pdf

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. "Policy on Vending Machines in Schools." Pediatric Dentistry, 27(7 Suppl): 38-9, 2005.

American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. "Policy on Vending Machines in Schools." Pediatric Dentistry, 30(7 Suppl): 49-50, 2008.

Briefel RR, Crepinsek MK, Cabili C, et al. "School Food Environments and Practices Affect Dietary Behaviors of US Public School Children." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S91-107, 2009.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Competitive Foods and Beverages Available for Purchase in Secondary Schools--Selected Sites, United States, 2006." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(34): 935-8, 2008.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Competitive Foods and Beverages Available for Purchase in Secondary Schools--Selected Sites, United States, 2004." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54(37): 917-21, 2005.

Cullen KW, Eagan J, Baranowski T, et al. "Effect of a La Carte and Snack Bar Foods at School on Children's Lunchtime Intake of Fruits and Vegetables." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100(12): 1482-6, 2000.

Cullen KW and Thompson DI. "Texas School Food Policy Changes Related to Middle School a La carte/snack Bar Foods: Potential Savings in Kilocalories." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(12): 1952-4, 2005.

Davee AM, Blum JE, Devore RL, et al. "The Vending and a La Carte Policy Intervention in Maine Public High Schools." Preventing Chronic Disease, 2(Special Issue): A14, 2005.

Fleischhacker S. "Food Fight: The Battle Over Redefining Competitive Foods." The Journal of School Health, 77(3): 147-52, 2007.

Fletcher JM, Frisvold D and Tefft N. "Taxing Soft Drinks and Restricting Access to Vending Machines to Curb Child Obesity." Health Affairs, 2010.

Fox MK, Gordon A, Nogales R, et al. "Availability and Consumption of Competitive Foods in US Public Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S57-66, 2009.

Fox S, Meinen A, Pesik M, et al. "Competitive Food Initiatives in Schools and Overweight in Children: A Review of the Evidence." WMJ, 104(5): 38-43, 2005.

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA, et al. "Food Environment in Secondary Schools: A La Carte, Vending Machines, and Food Policies and Practices." American Journal of Public Health, 93(7): 1161-7, 2003.

Fried E and Simon M. "The Competitive Food Conundrum: Can Government Regulations Improve School Food?" Duke Law Journal, 56(6): 1491-539, 2007.

Gemmill E and Cotugna N. "Vending Machine Policies and Practices in Delaware." The Journal of School Nursing, 21(2): 94-9, 2005.

Gordon AR, Cohen R, Crepinsek MK, et al. "The Third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study: Background and Study Design." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S20-30, 2009.

Harnack L, Snyder P, Story M, et al. "Availability of a La Carte Food Items in Junior and Senior High Schools: A Needs Assessment." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100(6): 701-3, 2000.

Hartline-Grafton H. How Competitive Foods in Schools Impact Student Health, School Meal Programs, and Students From Low-Income Families. Washington, D.C.: Food Research and Action Center, 2010. Available at http://frac.org/pdf/CNR05_competitivefoods.pdf.

Hartstein J, Cullen KW, Reynolds KD, et al. "Impact of Portion-Size Control for School a La Carte Items: Changes in Kilocalories and Macronutrients Purchased by Middle School Students." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(1): 140-4, 2008.

Hearst MO, Lytle LA, Pasch KE, et al. "Inventory Versus Checklist Approach to Assess Middle School a La Carte Food Availability." The Journal of School Health, 79(12): 593-8, 2009.

Hendel-Paterson M, French SA and Story M. "Parental Attitudes Towards Soft Drink Vending Machines in High Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(10): 1597-600, 2004.

Hoerr SM and Louden VA. "Can Nutrition Information Increase Sales of Healthful Vended Snacks?" The Journal of School Health, 63(9): 386-90, 1993.

Kaufmann LJ. "Vending Machines and Competitive Foods in Schools." NCSL Legisbrief, 11(19): 1-2, 2003.

Larson NI and Story M. School Foods Sold Outside of Meals. May 2007. Available at http://www.healthyeatingresearch.org/publications-mainmenu-111/research-briefs-and-syntheses-mainmenu-114

Larson N and Story M. "Are 'Competitive Foods' Sold at School Making our Children Fat?" Health Affairs, 29(3): 430-5, 2010.

Marlette MA, Templeton SB and Panemangalore M. "Food Type, Food Preparation, and Competitive Food Purchases Impact School Lunch Plate Waste by Sixth-Grade Students." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(11): 1779-82, 2005.

McDonnell E, Probart C, Weirich JE, et al. "School Competitive Food Policies: Perceptions of Pennsylvania Public High School Foodservice Directors and Principals." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(2): 271-6, 2006.

Miura MR, Smith JA and Alderman J. Mapping School Food: A Policy Guide. The Public Health Advocacy Institute, 2007. Available at http://www.phaionline.org/2007/11/06/mapping-school-food-a-policy-guide/.

Nickelson J, Roseman MG and Forthofer MS. "Associations between Parental Limits, School Vending Machine Purchases, and Soft Drink Consumption among Kentucky Middle School Students." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 2010.

Nollen NL, Befort C, Davis AM, et al. "Competitive Foods in Schools: Availability and Purchasing in Predominately Rural Small and Large High Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(5): 857-64, 2009.

Pinkas D. Healthy Beverage Vending Agreement. Public Health Law and Policy, 2007. Available at: http://www.nplanonline.org/nplan/products/model-healthy-beverage-vending-agreement

Probart C, McDonnell E, Hartman T, et al. "Factors Associated with the Offering and Sale of Competitive Foods and School Lunch Participation." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(2): 242-7, 2006.

Probart C, McDonnell E, Weirich JE, et al. "Competitive Foods Available in Pennsylvania Public High Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(8): 1243-9, 2005.

Samuels & Associates. Competitive Foods. Policy Brief. Oakland, CA: Samuels & Associates, 2006. Available at: http://samuelsandassociates.com/samuels/upload/obesity/3Competitiveve.pdf.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Sanchez BN, Baek J, et al. "'Competitive' Food and Beverage Policies: Are they Influencing Childhood Overweight Trends?" Health Affairs, 29(3): 436-46, 2010.

Simon M and Fried EJ. "State Laws on School Vending: The Need for a Public Health Approach." Food and Drug Law Journal, 62(1): 139-50, 2007.

Smith J. Legal Notes. Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food: School Stores, Concessions, and Fundraising. Public Health Advocacy Institute, 2009. Available at: http://www.phaionline.org/2009/04/06/off-the-map-extracurricular-school-food/.

Smith J. Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food: School Stores, Concessions, and Fundraising. Public Health Advocacy Institute, 2009. Available at: http://www.phaionline.org/2009/04/06/off-the-map-extracurricular-school-food/.

Snelling AM and Kennard T. "The Impact of Nutrition Standards on Competitive Food Offerings and Purchasing Behaviors of High School Students." The Journal of School Health, 79(11): 541-6, 2009.

Snelling AM, Korba C and Burkey A. "The National School Lunch and Competitive Food Offerings and Purchasing Behaviors of High School Students." The Journal of School Health, 77(10): 701-5, 2007.

Templeton S. "Sugar Intake from Combined School Lunch and Competitive Food Consumption." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(7): 1066-7, 2005.

Templeton SB, Marlette MA and Panemangalore M. "Competitive Foods Increase the Intake of Energy and Decrease the Intake of Certain Nutrients by Adolescents Consuming School Lunch." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(2): 215-20, 2005.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School Meal Programs: Competitive Foods are Widely Available and Generate Substantial Revenues for Schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2005.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School Meal Programs Competitive Foods are Available in Many Schools : Actions Taken to Restrict them Differ by State and Locality. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004.

Whatley Blum JE, Davee AM, Devore RL, et al. "Implementation of Low-Fat, Low-Sugar, and Portion-Controlled Nutrition Guidelines in Competitive Food Venues of Maine Public High Schools." The Journal of School Health, 77(10): 687-93, 2007.

Wildey MB, Pampalone SZ, Pelletier RL, et al. "Fat and Sugar Levels are High in Snacks Purchased from Student Stores in Middle Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100(3): 319-22, 2000.

Environment and Policies

Making it Happen! School Nutrition Success Stories. Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; and U.S. Department of Education, 2005.

"Position of the American Dietetic Association: Local Support for Nutrition Integrity in Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100(1): 108-11, 2000.

Bauer KW, Patel A, Prokop LA, et al. "Swimming Upstream: Faculty and Staff Members from Urban Middle Schools in Low-Income Communities Describe their Experience Implementing Nutrition and Physical Activity Initiatives." Preventing Chronic Disease, 3(2): A37, 2006.

Brown KM, Akintobi TH, Pitt S, et al. "California School Board Members' Perceptions of Factors Influencing School Nutrition Policy." The Journal of School Health, 74(2): 52-8, 2004.

Carter MA and Swinburn B. "Measuring the 'Obesogenic' Food Environment in New Zealand Primary Schools." Health Promotion International, 19(1): 15-20, 2004.

Cassady D, Vogt R, Oto-Kent D, et al. "The Power of Policy: A Case Study of Healthy Eating among Children." American Journal of Public Health, 96(9): 1570-1, 2006.

Chiodini S. Nutrition Advocacy in the American Federal System. Public Health Law and Policy, Available at http://www.schoolhealthlaw.org/Preemption_Memo.pdf.

Chriqui JF, Tynan M, Agurs-Collins T, et al. "Will Web-Based Research Suffice when Collecting U.S. School District Policies? the Case of Physical Education and School-Based Nutrition Policies." The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5: 64, 2008.

Cullen KW, Watson K and Zakeri I. "Improvements in Middle School Student Dietary Intake After Implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy." American Journal of Public Health, 98(1): 111-7, 2008.

Cullen KW, Watson K, Zakeri I, et al. "Exploring Changes in Middle-School Student Lunch Consumption After Local School Food Service Policy Modifications." Public Health Nutrition, 9(6): 814-20, 2006.

Cullen KW and Watson KB. "The Impact of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy on Student Food Selection and Sales in Texas." American Journal of Public Health, 99(4): 706-12, 2009.

Cullen KW, Watson KB and Fithian AR. "The Impact of School Socioeconomic Status on Student Lunch Consumption After Implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy." The Journal of School Health, 79(11): 525-31, 2009.

Delva J, O'Malley PM and Johnston LD. "Availability of More-Healthy and Less-Healthy Food Choices in American Schools: A National Study of Grade, racial/ethnic, and Socioeconomic Differences." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(4 Suppl 1): S226-39, 2007.

Finkelstein DM, Hill EL and Whitaker RC. "School Food Environments and Policies in US Public Schools." Pediatrics, 122(1): e251-9, 2008.

Fox MK, Dodd AH, Wilson A, et al. "Association between School Food Environment and Practices and Body Mass Index of US Public School Children." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S108-17, 2009.

Fried E and Simon M. "The Competitive Food Conundrum: Can Government Regulations Improve School Food?" Duke Law Journal, 56(6): 1491-539, 2007.

Jaime PC and Lock K. "Do School Based Food and Nutrition Policies Improve Diet and Reduce Obesity?" Preventive Medicine, 48(1): 45-53, 2009.

Jones SJ, Gonzalez W and Frongillo EA. "Policies that Restrict Sweetened Beverage Availability may Reduce Consumption in Elementary-School Children." Public Health Nutrition, 2009.

Krolner R, Due P, Rasmussen M, et al. "Does School Environment Affect 11-Year-Olds' Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Denmark?" Social Science & Medicine, 68(8): 1416-24, 2009.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA and Story M. "Schoolwide Food Practices are Associated with Body Mass Index in Middle School Students." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(12): 1111-4, 2005.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Hannan PJ, et al. "The Association of the School Food Environment with Dietary Behaviors of Young Adolescents." American Journal of Public Health, 93(7): 1168-73, 2003.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Farbakhsh K, et al. "Food use in Middle and High School Fundraising: Does Policy Support Healthful Practice? Results from a Survey of Minnesota School Principals." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(7): 1215-9, 2009.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA and Story M. "Schoolwide Food Practices are Associated with Body Mass Index in Middle School Students." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(12): 1111-4, 2005.

Kwak TK and Chang HJ. "Advancing Institutional Dietetics and School Nutrition Program in Korea." Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17(Suppl 1): 352-6, 2008.

Lissau I and Poulsen J. "Nutrition Policy, Food and Drinks at School and After School Care." International Journal of Obesity, 29(Suppl 2): S58-61, 2005.

Maclellan D, Taylor J and Freeze C. "Developing School Nutrition Policies: Enabling and Barrier Factors." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 70(4): 166-71, 2009.

Masse LC, Frosh MM, Chriqui JF, et al. "Development of a School Nutrition-Environment State Policy Classification System (SNESPCS)." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(4 Suppl 1): S277-86, 2007.

McCary JM. "Improving Access to School-Based Nutrition Services for Children with Special Health Care Needs." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(9): 1333-6, 2006.

McKenna ML. "Issues in Implementing School Nutrition Policies." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 64(4): 208-13, 2003.

Mendoza JA, Watson K and Cullen KW. "Change in Dietary Energy Density After Implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(3): 434-40, 2010.

Miura MR. Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food: Open Campus Lunch. Public Health Advocacy Institute, 2009. Available at: http://www.phaionline.org/2009/04/06/off-the-map-extracurricular-school-food/.

Miura MR. Legal Notes. Off the Map: Extracurricular School Food. Public Health Advocacy Institute, 2009. Available at: http://www.phaionline.org/2009/04/06/off-the-map-extracurricular-school-food/.

Moore L and Tapper K. "The Impact of School Fruit Tuck Shops and School Food Policies on Children's Fruit Consumption: A Cluster Randomised Trial of Schools in Deprived Areas." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(10): 926-31, 2008.

Moore S, Murphy S, Tapper K, et al. "From Policy to Plate: Barriers to Implementing Healthy Eating Policies in Primary Schools in Wales." Health Policy, 94(3): 239-45, 2010.

Nanney MS, Bohner C and Friedrichs M. "Poverty-Related Factors Associated with Obesity Prevention Policies in Utah Secondary Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(7): 1210-5, 2008.

Nanney MS, Nelson T, Wall M, et al. "State School Nutrition and Physical Activity Policy Environments and Youth Obesity." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(1): 9-16, 2010.

Neumark-Sztainer D, French SA, Hannan PJ, et al. "School Lunch and Snacking Patterns among High School Students: Assocations with School Food Environment and Policies." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2(1): 14, 2005.

Nollen NL, Befort CA, Snow P, et al. "The School Food Environment and Adolescent Obesity: Qualitative Insights from High School Principals and Food Service Personnel." The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4: 18, 2007.

O'Toole TP, Anderson S, Miller C, et al. "Nutrition Services and Foods and Beverages Available at School: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006." Journal of School Health, 77: 500-21, 2007.

Phillips MM, Raczynski JM, West DS, et al. "Changes in School Environments with Implementation of Arkansas Act 1220 of 2003." Obesity, 18(Suppl 1): S54-61, 2010.

Pinkas D and McCauley A. Access to Public Meetings and Records: What Nutrition Advocates Need to Know. Public Health Law and Policy, Available at http://www.schoolhealthlaw.org/Public_Access_Memo.pdf.

Prelip M, Slusser WM, Lange L, et al. "Participatory Prevention Research Model Promotes Environmental Change for Healthier Schools." Health Promotion Practice, 11(1): 54-61, 2010.

Ramanathan S, Allison KR, Faulkner G, et al. "Challenges in Assessing the Implementation and Effectiveness of Physical Activity and Nutrition Policy Interventions as Natural Experiments." Health Promotion International, 23(3): 290-7, 2008.

Rideout K, Levy-Milne R, Martin C, et al. "Food Sales Outlets, Food Availability, and the Extent of Nutrition Policy Implementation in Schools in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(4): 246-50, 2007.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. "The School Food Environment, Children's Diets, and Obesity: Findings from the Third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2(Suppl 1): S1-S136, 2009.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Sanchez BN, Baek J, et al. "'Competitive' Food and Beverage Policies: Are they Influencing Childhood Overweight Trends?" Health Affairs, 29(3): 436-46, 2010.

Seliske LM, Pickett W, Boyce WF, et al. "Association between the Food Retail Environment Surrounding Schools and Overweight in Canadian Youth." Public Health Nutrition, 12(9): 1384-91, 2009.

Seliske LM, Pickett W, Boyce WF, et al. "Density and Type of Food Retailers Surrounding Canadian Schools: Variations Across Socioeconomic Status." Health & Place, 15(3): 903-7, 2009.

Simon M and Fried EJ. "State Laws on School Vending: The Need for a Public Health Approach." Food and Drug Law Journal, 62(1): 139-50, 2007.

Story M, Nanney MS and Schwartz MB. "Schools and Obesity Prevention: Creating School Environments and Policies to Promote Healthy Eating and Physical Activity." The Milbank Quarterly, 87(1): 71-100, 2009.

Sturm R. "Disparities in the Food Environment Surrounding US Middle and High Schools." Public Health, 122(7): 681-90, 2008.

Vecchiarelli S, Takayanagi S and Neumann C. "Students' Perceptions of the Impact of Nutrition Policies on Dietary Behaviors." The Journal of School Health, 76(10): 525-31, 2006.

Wechsler H, Brener ND, Kuester S, et al. "Food Service and Foods and Beverages Available at School: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000." Journal of School Health, 71(7): 313-24, 2001.

Wechsler H, Devereaux AB, Davis M, et al. "Using the School Environment to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Eating." Preventive Medicine, 31(suppl): S121-37, 2000.

Wojcicki JM and Heyman MB. "Healthier Choices and Increased Participation in a Middle School Lunch Program: Effects of Nutrition Policy Changes in San Francisco." American Journal of Public Health, 96(9): 1542-7, 2006.

Fast Food

Craypo L, Purcell A, Samuels SE, et al. "Fast Food Sales on High School Campuses: Results from the 2000 California High School Fast Food Survey." Journal of School Health, 72(2): 78-82, 2002.

Craypo L, Samuels SE and Purcell A. The 2003 California High School Fast Food Survey. Oakland, CA: Public Health Institute, 2004.

Craypo L, Purcell A, Samuels SE, et al. "Fast Food Sales on High School Campuses: Results from the 2000 California High School Fast Food Survey." The Journal of School Health, 72(2): 78-82, 2002.

Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, et al. "Effects of a Comprehensive Fruit- and Vegetable-Promoting School-Based Intervention in Three European Countries: The Pro Children Study." The British Journal of Nutrition, 99(4): 893-903, 2008.

Financial Impact

Anderson PM and Butcher KF. Reading, Writing and Raisinets: Are School Finances Contributing to Children's Obesity? 2005. Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/s11177.pdf.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School Meal Programs: Revenue and Expense Information from Selected States. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Commercial Activities in Schools: A Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.

Wharton CM, Long M and Schwartz MB. "Changing Nutrition Standards in Schools: The Emerging Impact on School Revenue." Journal of School Health, 78(5): 245-51, 2008.

Wharton CM, Long M and Schwartz MB. "Changing Nutrition Standards in Schools: The Emerging Impact on School Revenue." The Journal of School Health, 78(5): 245-51, 2008.

Fruits and Vegetables

Adams MA, Pelletier RL, Zive MM, et al. "Salad Bars and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Elementary Schools: A Plate Waste Study." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(11): 1789-92, 2005.

Ashfield-Watt PA, Stewart EA and Scheffer JA. "A Pilot Study of the Effect of Providing Daily Free Fruit to Primary-School Children in Auckland, New Zealand." Public Health Nutrition, 12(5): 693-701, 2009.

Coyle KK, Potter S, Schneider D, et al. "Distributing Free Fresh Fruit and Vegetables at School: Results of a Pilot Outcome Evaluation." Public Health Reports, 124(5): 660-9, 2009.

Cullen KW, Watson KB and Konarik M. "Differences in Fruit and Vegetable Exposure and Preferences among Adolescents Receiving Free Fruit and Vegetable Snacks at School." Appetite, 52(3): 740-4, 2009.

Cullen KW and Zakeri I. "Fruits, Vegetables, Milk, and Sweetened Beverages Consumption and Access to a La carte/snack Bar Meals at School." American Journal of Public Health, 94(3): 463-7, 2004.

Davis EM, Cullen KW, Watson KB, et al. "A Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program Improves High School Students' Consumption of Fresh Produce." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(7): 1227-31, 2009.

de Sa J and Lock K. "Will European Agricultural Policy for School Fruit and Vegetables Improve Public Health? A Review of School Fruit and Vegetable Programmes." European Journal of Public Health, 18(6): 558-68, 2008.

Economos CD, Sacheck JM, Kwan Ho Chui K, et al. "School-Based Behavioral Assessment Tools are Reliable and Valid for Measurement of Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Physical Activity, and Television Viewing in Young Children." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(4): 695-701, 2008.

Eriksen K, Haraldsdottir J, Pederson R, et al. "Effect of a Fruit and Vegetable Subscription in Danish Schools." Public Health Nutrition, 6(1): 57-63, 2003.

French SA and Stables G. "Environmental Interventions to Promote Vegetable and Fruit Consumption among Youth in School Settings." Preventive Medicine, 37: 593-610, 2003.

Gonzalez W, Jones SJ and Frongillo EA. "Restricting Snacks in U.S. Elementary Schools is Associated with Higher Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption." The Journal of Nutrition, 139(1): 142-4, 2009.

Graham H and Zidenberg-Cherr S. "California Teachers Perceive School Gardens as an Effective Nutritional Tool to Promote Healthful Eating Habits." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(11): 1797-800, 2005.

Harrington KF, Kohler CL, McClure LA, et al. "Fourth Graders' Reports of Fruit and Vegetable Intake at School Lunch: Does Treatment Assignment Affect Accuracy?" Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(1): 36-44, 2009.

He M, Beynon C, Sangster Bouck M, et al. "Impact Evaluation of the Northern Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Programme - a Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial." Public Health Nutrition, 12(11): 2199-208, 2009.

Hoffman JA, Franko DL, Thompson DR, et al. "Longitudinal Behavioral Effects of a School-Based Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Program." Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(1): 61-71, 2010.

Jamelske E, Bica LA, McCarty DJ, et al. "Preliminary Findings from an Evaluation of the USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program in Wisconsin Schools." World Medical Journal, 107(5): 225-30, 2008.

Krolner R, Due P, Rasmussen M, et al. "Does School Environment Affect 11-Year-Olds' Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Denmark?" Social Science & Medicine, 68(8): 1416-24, 2009.

Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer DR, Harnack LJ, et al. "Fruit and Vegetable Intake Correlates during the Transition to Young Adulthood." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(1): 33-7, 2008.

Laurence S, Peterken R and Burns C. "Fresh Kids: The Efficacy of a Health Promoting Schools Approach to Increasing Consumption of Fruit and Water in Australia." Health Promotion International, 22(3): 218-26, 2007.

Mangunkusumo RT, Brug J, de Koning HJ, et al. "School-Based Internet-Tailored Fruit and Vegetable Education Combined with Brief Counseling Increases Children's Awareness of Intake Levels." Public Health Nutrition, 10: 273-9, 2007.

McAleese JD and Rankin LL. "Garden-Based Nutrition Education Affects Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Sixth-Grade Adolescents." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(4): 662-5, 2007.

Moore JB, Pawloski LR, Goldberg P, et al. "Childhood Obesity Study: A Pilot Study of the Effect of the Nutrition Education Program Color My Pyramid." The Journal of School Nursing, 25(3): 230-9, 2009.

Parmer SM, Salisbury-Glennon J, Shannon D, et al. "School Gardens: An Experiential Learning Approach for a Nutrition Education Program to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Knowledge, Preference, and Consumption among Second-Grade Students." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41(3): 212-7, 2009.

Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor GL, et al. "A Randomized School Trial of Environmental Strategies to Encourage Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Children." Health Education & Behavior, 31(1): 65-76, 2004.

Ransley JK, Greenwood DC, Cade JE, et al. "Does the School Fruit and Vegetable Scheme Improve Children's Diet? A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61(8): 699-703, 2007.

Reinaerts E, Crutzen R, Candel M, et al. "Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Children: Comparing Long-Term Effects of a Free Distribution and a Multicomponent Program." Health Education Research, 23(6): 987-96, 2008.

Reinaerts E, de Nooijer J, Candel M, et al. "Increasing Children's Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Distribution Or a Multicomponent Programme?" Public Health Nutrition, 10(9): 939-47, 2007.

Schwartz MB. "The Influence of a Verbal Prompt on School Lunch Fruit Consumption: A Pilot Study." The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4: 6, 2007.

Somerset S and Markwell K. "Impact of a School-Based Food Garden on Attitudes and Identification Skills regarding Vegetables and Fruit: A 12-Month Intervention Trial." Public Health Nutrition, 12(2): 214-21, 2009.

Stables GJ, Young EM, Howerton MW, et al. "Small School-Based Effectiveness Trials Increase Vegetable and Fruit Consumption among Youth." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(2): 252-6, 2005.

Swanson M, Branscum A and Nakayima PJ. "Promoting Consumption of Fruit in Elementary School Cafeterias. the Effects of Slicing Apples and Oranges." Appetite, 53(2): 264-7, 2009.

Tuuri G, Zanovec M, Silverman L, et al. ""Smart Bodies" School Wellness Program Increased Children's Knowledge of Healthy Nutrition Practices and Self-Efficacy to Consume Fruit and Vegetables." Appetite, 52(2): 445-51, 2009.

General Information and Standards

Goran MI and Sothern MS (eds). Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2006.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Healthy Schools for Healthy Kids. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2003.

Snelling AM and Kennard T. "The Impact of Nutrition Standards on Competitive Food Offerings and Purchasing Behaviors of High School Students." The Journal of School Health, 79(11): 541-6, 2009.

Story M, Kaphingst KM and French S. "The Role of Schools in Obesity Prevention." The Future of Children, 16: 109-42, 2006.

Veugelers PJ and Fitzgerald AL. "Effectiveness of School Programs in Preventing Childhood Obesity: A Multilevel Comparison." American Journal of Public Health, 95(3): 432-5, 2005.

Interventions

Ask AS, Hernes S, Aarek I, et al. "Changes in Dietary Pattern in 15 Year Old Adolescents Following a 4 Month Dietary Intervention with School Breakfast--a Pilot Study." Nutrition Journal, 5: 33, 2006.

Austin SB, Kim J, Wiecha J, et al. "School-Based Overweight Preventive Intervention Lowers Incidence of Disordered Weight-Control Behaviors in Early Adolescent Girls." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(9): 865-9, 2007.

Bisset SL, Potvin L, Daniel M, et al. "Assessing the Impact of the Primary School-Based Nutrition Intervention Petits Cuistots--Parents En Reseaux." Canadian Journal of Public Health, 99(2): 107-13, 2008.

Burgess-Champoux TL, Chan HW, Rosen R, et al. "Healthy Whole-Grain Choices for Children and Parents: A Multi-Component School-Based Pilot Intervention." Public Health Nutrition, 11(8): 849-59, 2008.

Burrows T, Warren JM, Baur LA, et al. "Impact of a Child Obesity Intervention on Dietary Intake and Behaviors." International Journal of Obesity, 32(10): 1481-8, 2008.

Coyle KK, Potter S, Schneider D, et al. "Distributing Free Fresh Fruit and Vegetables at School: Results of a Pilot Outcome Evaluation." Public Health Reports, 124(5): 660-9, 2009.

Cullen KW, Hartstein J, Reynolds KD, et al. "Improving the School Food Environment: Results from a Pilot Study in Middle Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(3): 484-9, 2007.

Cullen KW and Watson KB. "The Impact of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy on Student Food Selection and Sales in Texas." American Journal of Public Health, 99(4): 706-12, 2009.

Cunningham-Sabo L, Snyder MP, Anliker J, et al. "Impact of the Pathways Food Service Intervention on Breakfast Served in American-Indian Schools." Preventive Medicine, 37(Suppl): S46-54, 2003.

Day ME, Strange KS, McKay HA, et al. "Action Schools! BC--Healthy Eating: Effects of a Whole-School Model to Modifying Eating Behaviours of Elementary School Children." Canadian Journal of Public Health, 99(4): 328-31, 2008.

Dwyer JT, Michell P, Cosentino C, et al. "Fat-Sugar See-Saw in School Lunches: Impact of a Low Fat Intervention." The Journal of Adolescent Health, 32(6): 428-35, 2003.

Fernandes PS, Bernardo Cde O, Campos RM, et al. "Evaluating the Effect of Nutritional Education on the Prevalence of overweight/obesity and on Foods Eaten at Primary Schools." Jornal De Pediatria, 85(4): 315-21, 2009.

Fox MK, Crepinsek P, Connor P, et al. School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-II: Summary of Findings. Alexandria, VA: US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation, 2001.

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA, et al. "An Environmental Intervention to Promote Lower-Fat Food Choices in Secondary Schools: Outcomes of the TACOS Study." American Journal of Public Health, 94(9): 1507-12, 2004.

Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, et al. "Reducing Obesity Via a School-Based Interdisciplinary Intervention among Youth: Planet Health." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(4): 409-18, 1999.

The HEALTHY Study Group. "A School-Based Intervention for Diabetes Risk Reduction." The New England Journal of Medicine, 2010.

Hoffman JA, Franko DL, Thompson DR, et al. "Longitudinal Behavioral Effects of a School-Based Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Program." Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(1): 61-71, 2010.

Hollar D, Messiah SE, Lopez-Mitnik G, et al. "Healthier Options for Public Schoolchildren Program Improves Weight and Blood Pressure in 6- to 13-Year-Olds." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(2): 261-7, 2010.

Lytle LA, Kubik MY, Perry C, et al. "Influencing Healthful Food Choices in School and Home Environments: Results from the TEENS Study." Preventive Medicine, 43(1): 8-13, 2006.

McCullum-Gomez C, Barroso CS, Hoelscher DM, et al. "Factors Influencing Implementation of the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) Eat Smart School Nutrition Program in Texas." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(12): 2039-44, 2006.

Neiger BL, Thackeray R, Hanson CL, et al. "A Policy and Environmental Response to Overweight in Childhood: The Impact of Gold Medal Schools." Preventing Chronic Disease, 5(4): A132, 2008.

Obarzanek E and Pratt CA. "Girls Health Enrichment Multi-Site Studies (GEMS): New Approaches to Obesity Prevention among Young African-American Girls." Ethnicity & Disease, 13(1 Suppl 1): S1-5, 2003.

Perman JA, Young TL, Stines E, et al. "A Community-Driven Obesity Prevention and Intervention in an Elementary School." The Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association, 106(3): 104-8, 2008.

Prelip M, Slusser WM, Lange L, et al. "Participatory Prevention Research Model Promotes Environmental Change for Healthier Schools." Health Promotion Practice, 11(1): 54-61, 2010.

Resnicow K and Robinson TN. "School-Based Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Studies: Review and Synthesis." Annals of Epidemiology, 7(7, Supplement 1): S14-31, 1997.

Rogers VW and Motyka E. "5-2-1-0 Goes to School: A Pilot Project Testing the Feasibility of Schools Adopting and Delivering Healthy Messages during the School Day." Pediatrics, 123(Suppl 5): S272-6, 2009.

Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Conway TL, et al. "Environmental Interventions for Eating and Physical Activity: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Middle Schools." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(3): 209-17, 2003.

Schwartz MB. "The Influence of a Verbal Prompt on School Lunch Fruit Consumption: A Pilot Study." The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4: 6, 2007.

Schwartz MB, Novak SA and Fiore SS. "The Impact of Removing Snacks of Low Nutritional Value from Middle Schools." Health Education & Behavior, 36(6): 999-1011, 2009.

Sichieri R, Paula Trotte A, de Souza RA, et al. "School Randomised Trial on Prevention of Excessive Weight Gain by Discouraging Students from Drinking Sodas." Public Health Nutrition, 12(2): 197-202, 2009.

Snyder P, Anliker J, Cunningham-Sabo L, et al. "The Pathways Study: A Model for Lowering the Fat in School Meals." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(4 Suppl): 810S-5S, 1999.

Story M. "School-Based Approaches for Preventing and Treating Obesity." International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(Suppl 2): S43-51, 1999.

School Meal Programs

"Position of the American Dietetic Association: Local Support for Nutrition Integrity in Schools." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100(1): 108-11, 2000.

"Position of ADA, SNE, and ASFSA: School-Based Nutrition Programs and Services." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95(3): 367-9, 1995.

Clark MA and Fox MK. "Nutritional Quality of the Diets of US Public School Children and the Role of the School Meal Programs." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S44-56, 2009.

Condon EM, Crepinsek MK and Fox MK. "School Meals: Types of Foods Offered to and Consumed by Children at Lunch and Breakfast." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S67-78, 2009.

Crepinsek MK, Gordon AR, McKinney PM, et al. "Meals Offered and Served in US Public Schools: Do they Meet Nutrient Standards?" Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S31-43, 2009.

Crepinsek MK, Singh A, Bernstein LS, et al. "Dietary Effects of Universal-Free School Breakfast: Findings from the Evaluation of the School Breakfast Program Pilot Project." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(11): 1796-803, 2006.

Cunningham-Sabo L, Snyder MP, Anliker J, et al. "Impact of the Pathways Food Service Intervention on Breakfast Served in American-Indian Schools." Preventive Medicine, 37(Suppl): S46-54, 2003.

Dubuisson C, Lioret S, Calamassi-Tran G, et al. "School Meals in French Secondary State Schools with Regard to the National Recommendations." The British Journal of Nutrition, 102(2): 293-301, 2009.

Evans CE and Harper CE. "A History and Review of School Meal Standards in the UK." Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 22(2): 89-99, 2009.

Gleason PM and Dodd AH. "School Breakfast Program but Not School Lunch Program Participation is Associated with Lower Body Mass Index." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S118-28, 2009.

Goldberg JP, Collins JJ, Folta SC, et al. "Retooling Food Service for Early Elementary School Students in Somerville, Massachusetts: The Shape Up Somerville Experience." Preventing Chronic Disease, 6(3): A103, 2009.

Graves A, Haughton B, Jahns L, et al. "Biscuits, Sausage, Gravy, Milk, and Orange Juice: School Breakfast Environment in 4 Rural Appalachian Schools." The Journal of School Health, 78(4): 197-202, 2008.

Hastert TA and Babey SH. "School Lunch Source and Adolescent Dietary Behavior." Preventing Chronic Disease, 6(4): A117, 2009.

Johner NM. "Evaluation's Vital Role in Healthier School Meals." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(2 Suppl): S18-9, 2009.

Mirtcheva DM and Powell LM. "Participation in the National School Lunch Program: Importance of School-Level and Neighborhood Contextual Factors." The Journal of School Health, 79(10): 485-94, 2009.

Nelson M, Lowes K, Hwang V, et al. "The Contribution of School Meals to Food Consumption and Nutrient Intakes of Young People Aged 4-18 Years in England." Public Health Nutrition, 10(7): 652-62, 2007.

Rees GA, Richards CJ and Gregory J. "Food and Nutrient Intakes of Primary School Children: A Comparison of School Meals and Packed Lunches." Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 21(5): 420-7, 2008.

Rogers IS, Ness AR, Hebditch K, et al. "Quality of Food Eaten in English Primary Schools: School Dinners Vs Packed Lunches." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(7): 856-64, 2007.

Shanklin CW and Wie S. "Nutrient Contribution Per 100 Kcal and Per Penny for the 5 Meal Components in School Lunch: Entree, Milk, vegetable/fruit, bread/grain, and Miscellaneous." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(11): 1358-61, 2001.

Story M, Snyder MP, Anliker J, et al. "Changes in the Nutrient Content of School Lunches: Results from the Pathways Study." Preventive Medicine, 37(Suppl): S35-45, 2003.

Templeton S. "Sugar Intake from Combined School Lunch and Competitive Food Consumption." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(7): 1066-7, 2005.

Wellness Policies

Belansky ES, Cutforth N, Delong E, et al. "Early Impact of the Federally Mandated Local Wellness Policy on Physical Activity in Rural, Low-Income Elementary Schools in Colorado." Journal of Public Health Policy, 30(Suppl 1): S141-60, 2009.

Dworak LM. "From Paper to Practice: A Look at Healthiest Wisconsin 2010 and the Development of Local School Wellness Policies that Aid in the Prevention of Childhood Overweight." NASNewsletter, 24(2): 84-9, 2009.

Food Research and Action Center. Local School Wellness Policies. Available at http://www.frac.org/html/federal_food_programs/programs/school_wellness.html.

Longley CH and Sneed J. "Effects of Federal Legislation on Wellness Policy Formation in School Districts in the United States." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(1): 95-101, 2009.

Metos J and Nanney MS. "The Strength of School Wellness Policies: One State's Experience." The Journal of School Health, 77(7): 367-72, 2007.

Moag-Stahlberg A, Howley N and Luscri L. "A National Snapshot of Local School Wellness Policies." The Journal of School Health, 78(10): 562-8, 2008.

Nanney MS and Davey C. "Evaluating the Distribution of School Wellness Policies and Practices: A Framework to Capture Equity among Schools Serving the most Weight-Vulnerable Children." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(9): 1436-9, 2008.

Probart C, McDonnell ET, Jomaa L, et al. "Lessons from Pennsylvania's Mixed Response to Federal School Wellness Law." Health Affairs, 29(3): 447-53, 2010.

Probart C, McDonnell ET, Weirich JE, et al. "Statewide Assessment of Local Wellness Policies in Pennsylvania Public School Districts." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(9): 1497-502, 2008.

Schwartz MB, Lund AE, Grow HM, et al. "A Comprehensive Coding System to Measure the Quality of School Wellness Policies." Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(7): 1256-62, 2009.

Serrano E, Kowaleska A, Hosig K, et al. "Status and Goals of Local School Wellness Policies in Virginia: A Response to the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 39(2): 95-100, 2007.

Weber JA. "Measuring Progress on School Wellness Policies: Are Nutrition Standards Making the Grade?" Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(8): 1293-5, 2007.

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