Academic Performance

Action for Healthy Kids. The learning connection: The value of improving nutrition and physical activity in our schools. 2004. Available from: http://www.actionforhealthykids.org/.

Datar A, Sturm R, Magnabosco JL. Childhood overweight and academic performance: National study of kindergartners and first-graders. Obes Res. 2004;12(1):58-68.

Florence MD, Asbridge M, Veugelers PJ. Diet quality and academic performance. J Sch Health. 2008;78(4):209-15.

Frongillo EA, Jyoti DF, Jones SJ. Food stamp program participation is associated with better academic learning among school children. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1077-1080.

Gajre NS, Fernandez S, Balakrishna N, Vazir S. Breakfast eating habit and its influence on attention-concentration, immediate memory and school achievement. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45(10):824-828.

Hoyland A, Dye L, Lawton CL. A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev. 2009;22(2):220-243.

Kleinman RE, Hall S, Green H, et al. Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46(Suppl 1):24-30.

Lien L. Is breakfast consumption related to mental distress and academic performance in adolescents? Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(4):422-428.

MacLellan D, Taylor J, Wood K. Food intake and academic performance among adolescents. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2008;69(3):141-144.

Murphy JM, Pagano ME, Nachmani J, Sperling P, Kane S, Kleinman RE. The relationship of school breakfast to psychosocial and academic functioning: Cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in an inner-city school sample. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152(9):899-907.

Muthayya S, Thomas T, Srinivasan K, et al. Consumption of a mid-morning snack improves memory but not attention in school children. Physiol Behav. 2007;90(1):142-150.

Nansel TR, Huang TT, Rovner AJ, Sanders-Butler Y. Association of school performance indicators with implementation of the healthy kids, smart kids programme: Case study. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(1):116-122.

Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, Adams J, Metzl JD. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(5):743-760.

Shilts MK, Lamp C, Horowitz M, Townsend MS. Pilot study: EatFit impacts sixth graders' academic performance on achievement of mathematics and English education standards. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009;41(2):127-131.

Taras H. Nutrition and student performance at school. J Sch Health. 2005;75(6):199-213.

Tershakovec AM, Weller SC, Gallagher PR. Obesity, school performance and behaviour of black, urban elementary school children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18(5):323-327.

After School

Coleman KJ, Geller KS, Rosenkranz RR, Dzewaltowski DA. Physical activity and healthy eating in the after-school environment. J Sch Health. 2008;78(12):633-640.

Engels HJ, Gretebeck RJ, Gretebeck KA, Jimenez L. Promoting healthful diets and exercise: Efficacy of a 12-week after-school program in urban African Americans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(3):455-459.

Gutin B, Yin Z, Johnson M, Barbeau P. Preliminary findings of the effect of a 3-year after-school physical activity intervention on fitness and body fat: The medical college of georgia fitkid project. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2008;3(Suppl 1):3-9.

Hyland R, Stacy R, Adamson A, Moynihan P. Nutrition-related health promotion through an after-school project: The responses of children and their families. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(3):758-768.

Kelder S, Hoelscher DM, Barroso CS, Walker JL, Cribb P, Hu S. The CATCH kids club: A pilot after-school study for improving elementary students' nutrition and physical activity. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(2):133-140.

Lissau I, Poulsen J. Nutrition policy, food and drinks at school and after school care. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(Suppl 2):S58-61.

Madsen KA, Thompson HR, Wlasiuk L, Queliza E, Schmidt C, Newman TB. After-school program to reduce obesity in minority children: A pilot study. J Child Health Care. 2009;13(4):333-346.

Martinez Vizcaino V, Salcedo Aguilar F, Franquelo Gutierrez R, et al. Assessment of an after-school physical activity program to prevent obesity among 9- to 10-year-old children: A cluster randomized trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(1):12-22.

Mozaffarian RS, Wiecha JL, Roth BA, Nelson TF, Lee RM, Gortmaker SL. Impact of an organizational intervention designed to improve snack and beverage quality in YMCA after-school programs. Am J Public Health. 2010.

Pate RR, O'Neill JR. After-school interventions to increase physical activity among youth. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(1):14-18.

Rinderknecht K, Smith C. Social cognitive theory in an after-school nutrition intervention for urban Native American youth. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004;36(6):298-304.

Speroni KG, Earley C, Atherton M. Evaluating the effectiveness of the kids living fit program: A comparative study. J Sch Nurs. 2007;23(6):329-336.

Story M, Sherwood NE, Himes JH, et al. An after-school obesity prevention program for African-American girls: The minnesota GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(1 Suppl 1):S54-64.

Tester JM, Stevens SA, Yen IH, Laraia BL. An analysis of public health policy and legal issues relevant to mobile food vending. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(11):2038-2046.

Tester JM, Yen IH, Laraia B. Mobile food vending and the after-school food environment. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(1):70-73.

Topp R, Jacks DE, Wedig RT, Newman JL, Tobe L, Hollingsworth A. Reducing risk factors for childhood obesity: The Tommie Smith youth athletic initiative. West J Nurs Res. 2009;31(6):715-730.

Trost SG, Rosenkranz RR, Dzewaltowski D. Physical activity levels among children attending after-school programs. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(4):622-629.

Wiecha JL, Nelson TF, Roth BA, Glashagel J, Vaughan L. Disseminating health promotion practices in after-school programs through YMCA learning collaboratives. Am J Health Promot. 2010;24(3):190-198.

Yin Z, Hanes J,Jr, Moore JB, Humbles P, Barbeau P, Gutin B. An after-school physical activity program for obesity prevention in children: The Medical College of Georgia FitKid project. Eval Health Prof. 2005;28(1):67-89.

Assessments and Areas of Need

Addison CC, Jenkins BW, White MS, Young L. Examination of the food and nutrient content of school lunch menus of two school districts in Mississippi. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2006;3(3):278-285.

Arcan C, Kubik MY, Fulkerson JA, Story M. Sociodemographic differences in selected eating practices among alternative high school students. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(5):823-829.

Austin SB, Fung T, Cohen-Bearak A, Wardle K, Cheung LW. Facilitating change in school health: A qualitative study of schools' experiences using the school health index. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3(2):A35.

Carter MA, Swinburn B. Measuring the 'obesogenic' food environment in New Zealand primary schools. Health Promot Int. 2004;19(1):15-20.

Cho H, Nadow MZ. Understanding barriers to implementing quality lunch and nutrition education. J Community Health. 2004;29(5):421-435.

Conway TL, Sallis JF, Pelletier RL, et al. What do middle school children bring in their bag lunches? Prev Med. 2002;34(4):422-427.

Dunton GF, Lagloire R, Robertson T. Using the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the statewide dissemination of a school-based physical activity and nutrition curriculum: "exercise your options". Am J Health Promot. 2009;23(4):229-232.

Falbe J, Kenney EL, Henderson KE, Schwartz MB. The wellness child care assessment tool: A measure to assess the quality of written nutrition and physical activity policies. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(12):1852-1860.

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA. School food policies and practices: A state-wide survey of secondary school principals. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(12):1785-1789.

Gleason P, Suitor C, U.S. Food and Nutrition Service. Children's Diets in the Mid-1990s: Dietary Intake and its Relationship with School Meal Participation. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service; 2001.

Greves HM, Rivara FP. Report card on school snack food policies among the United States' largest school districts in 2004-2005: Room for improvement. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:1.

Hearst MO, Lytle LA, Pasch KE, Heitzler CD. Inventory versus checklist approach to assess middle school a la carte food availability. J Sch Health. 2009;79(12):593-8.

Jones SE, Axelrad R, Wattigney WA. Healthy and safe school environment, part II, physical school environment: Results from the school health policies and programs study 2006. J Sch Health. 2007;77(8):544-556.

Jones SE, Fisher CJ, Greene BZ, Hertz MF, Pritzl J. Healthy and safe school environment, part I: Results from the school health policies and programs study 2006. J Sch Health. 2007;77(8):522-543.

Katz DL, O'Connell M, Yeh MC, et al. Public health strategies for preventing and controlling overweight and obesity in school and worksite settings: A report on recommendations of the task force on community preventive services. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(RR-10):1-12.

Mitchell SA, Miles CL, Brennan L, Matthews J. Reliability of the school food checklist for in-school audits and photograph analysis of children's packed lunches. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23(1):48-53.

Neuhouser ML, Lilley S, Lund A, Johnson DB. Development and validation of a beverage and snack questionnaire for use in evaluation of school nutrition policies. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(9):1587-1592.

Patel AI, Bogart LM, Uyeda KE, Rabin A, Schuster MA. Perceptions about availability and adequacy of drinking water in a large California school district. Prev Chronic Dis. 2010;7(2):A39.

Pediatric Obesity Prevention Study. Pediatric obesity in Texas: Does the Texas public school nutrition policy affect child nutrition? Tex Med. 2006;102(10):47-57.

Richter KP, Harris KJ, Paine-Andrews A, et al. Measuring the health environment for physical activity and nutrition among youth: A review of the literature and applications for community initiatives. Prev Med. 2000;31(2):S98-S111.

Roberts SM, Pobocik RS, Deek R, Besgrove A, Prostine BA. A qualitative study of junior high school principals' and school food service directors' experiences with the texas school nutrition policy. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009;41(4):293-299.

Sanigorski AM, Bell AC, Kremer PJ, Swinburn BA. Lunchbox contents of Australian school children: Room for improvement. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(11):1310-1316.

Sherry JS. An evaluation of elementary school nutrition practices and policies in a southern Illinois county. J Sch Nurs. 2008;24(4):222-228.

Story M. The third school nutrition dietary assessment study: Findings and policy implications for improving the health of US children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S7-13.

Story M, Kaphingst KM, French S. The role of schools in obesity prevention. Future Child. 2006;16(1):109-142.

Swanson M. Digital photography as a tool to measure school cafeteria consumption. J Sch Health. 2008;78(8):432-437.

Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Delva J, Johnston LD. The school food environment and student body mass index and food consumption: 2004 to 2007 national data. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(3 Suppl):S45-56.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School Lunch Program Efforts Needed to Improve Nutrition and Encourage Healthy Eating: Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office; 2003.

Beverages

Guidelines for competitive beverages. http://www.healthiergeneration.org/.

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on School Health. Soft drinks in schools. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1):152-154.

Blum JE, Davee AM, Beaudoin CM, Jenkins PL, Kaley LA, Wigand DA. Reduced availability of sugar-sweetened beverages and diet soda has a limited impact on beverage consumption patterns in maine high school youth. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40(6):341-347.

Briefel RR, Wilson A, Gleason PM. Consumption of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and beverages at school, home, and other locations among school lunch participants and nonparticipants. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S79-90.

Brown DM, Tammineni SK. Managing sales of beverages in schools to preserve profits and improve children's nutrition intake in 15 Mississippi schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(12):2036-2042.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Effects of switching from whole to low-fat/fat-free milk in public schools - New York City, 2004-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(3):70-73.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Availability of less nutritious snack foods and beverages in secondary schools - selected states, 2002-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(39):1102-1104.

Fernandes MM. The effect of soft drink availability in elementary schools on consumption. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(9):1445-1452.

Forshee RA, Storey ML, Ginevan ME. A risk analysis model of the relationship between beverage consumption from school vending machines and risk of adolescent overweight. Risk Anal. 2005;25(5):1121-1135.

Hendel-Paterson M, French SA, Story M. Parental attitudes towards soft drink vending machines in high schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(10):1597-1600.

Isaacs S, Swartz A. Banning junk foods and soda sales in the state's public schools. The California Endowment; 2006. Available from: http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/.

Johanson J, Smith J, Wootan MG. Raw deal: School beverage contracts less lucrative than they seem. Center for Science in the Public Interest and Public Health Advocacy Institute; 2006. Available from: http://www.cspinet.org/.

Johnson DB, Bruemmer B, Lund AE, Evens CC, Mar CM. Impact of school district sugar-sweetened beverage policies on student beverage exposure and consumption in middle schools. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(3 Suppl):S30-7.

Johnston LD, Delva J, O'Malley PM. Soft drink availability, contracts, and revenues in American secondary schools. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(4 Suppl):S209-25.

Jones SJ, Gonzalez W, Frongillo EA. Policies that restrict sweetened beverage availability may reduce consumption in elementary-school children. Public Health Nutr. 2009.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Story M. Soft drinks, candy, and fast food: What parents and teachers think about the middle school food environment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(2):233-239.

Patel AI, Bogart LM, Uyeda KE, Rabin A, Schuster MA. Perceptions about availability and adequacy of drinking water in a large California school district. Prev Chronic Dis. 2010;7(2):A39.

Patel AI, Hampton KE. Encouraging consumption of water in school and child care settings: Access, challenges, and strategies for improvement. Am J Public Health. 2011.

Pinkas D. Healthy beverage vending agreement. Public Health Law and Policy; 2007. Available from: http://www.nplanonline.org/.

Probart C, McDonnell E, Bailey-Davis L, Weirich JE. Existence and predictors of soft drink advertisements in Pennsylvania high schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(12):2052-2056.

Thompson VJ, Bachman C, Watson K, Baranowski T, Cullen KW. Measures of self-efficacy and norms for low-fat milk consumption are reliable and related to beverage consumption among 5th graders at school lunch. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(4):421-426.

Van der Horst K, Timperio A, Crawford D, Roberts R, Brug J, Oenema A. The school food environment associations with adolescent soft drink and snack consumption. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(3):217-223.

Commodity Foods

Hecht K, Sharp M, Beller D, et al. The federal child nutrition commodity program: A report on nutritional quality. California Food Policy Advocates; September 2008. Available from: http://www.cfpa.net/.

Competitive Foods/A La Carte/Vending

Foods sold in competition with the USDA meal programs: A report to congress. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2001. Available from: http://www.cspinet.org/.

American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. Policy on vending machines in schools. Pediatr Dent. 2005;27(7 Suppl):38-39.

American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs. Policy on vending machines in schools. Pediatr Dent. 2008;30(7 Suppl):49-50.

Briefel RR, Crepinsek MK, Cabili C, Wilson A, Gleason PM. School food environments and practices affect dietary behaviors of US public school children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S91-107.

Briefel RR, Wilson A, Gleason PM. Consumption of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and beverages at school, home, and other locations among school lunch participants and nonparticipants. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S79-90.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Availability of less nutritious snack foods and beverages in secondary schools - selected states, 2002-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(39):1102-1104.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Competitive foods and beverages available for purchase in secondary schools--selected sites, United States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(34):935-938.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Competitive foods and beverages available for purchase in secondary schools--selected sites, United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(37):917-921.

Cullen KW, Eagan J, Baranowski T, Owens E, de Moor C. Effect of a la carte and snack bar foods at school on children's lunchtime intake of fruits and vegetables. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(12):1482-1486.

Cullen KW, Thompson DI. Texas school food policy changes related to middle school a la carte/snack bar foods: Potential savings in kilocalories. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(12):1952-1954.

Davee AM, Blum JE, Devore RL, et al. The vending and a la carte policy intervention in maine public high schools. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005;2(Special Issue):A14.

Fleischhacker S. Food fight: The battle over redefining competitive foods. J Sch Health. 2007;77(3):147-152.

Forshee RA, Storey ML, Ginevan ME. A risk analysis model of the relationship between beverage consumption from school vending machines and risk of adolescent overweight. Risk Anal. 2005;25(5):1121-1135.

Fox MK, Gordon A, Nogales R, Wilson A. Availability and consumption of competitive foods in US public schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S57-66.

Fox S, Meinen A, Pesik M, Landis M, Remington PL. Competitive food initiatives in schools and overweight in children: A review of the evidence. WMJ. 2005;104(5):38-43.

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA, Gerlach AF. Food environment in secondary schools: A la carte, vending machines, and food policies and practices. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1161-1167.

Fried E, Simon M. The competitive food conundrum: Can government regulations improve school food? Duke Law J. 2007;56(6):1491-1539.

Gemmill E, Cotugna N. Vending machine policies and practices in Delaware. J Sch Nurs. 2005;21(2):94-99.

Gordon AR, Cohen R, Crepinsek MK, Fox MK, Hall J, Zeidman E. The third school nutrition dietary assessment study: Background and study design. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S20-30.

Harnack L, Snyder P, Story M, Holliday R, Lytle L, Neumark-Sztainer D. Availability of a la carte food items in junior and senior high schools: A needs assessment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(6):701-703.

Harris DE, Blum JW, Bampton M, et al. Location of food stores near schools does not predict the weight status of Maine high school students. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011;43(4):274-278.

Hartline-Grafton H. How competitive foods in schools impact student health, school meal programs, and students from low-income families. Washington, D.C.: Food Research and Action Center; 2010. Available from: http://frac.org/.

Hartstein J, Cullen KW, Reynolds KD, et al. Impact of portion-size control for school a la carte items: Changes in kilocalories and macronutrients purchased by middle school students. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(1):140-144.

Hearst MO, Lytle LA, Pasch KE, Heitzler CD. Inventory versus checklist approach to assess middle school a la carte food availability. J Sch Health. 2009;79(12):593-8.

Hendel-Paterson M, French SA, Story M. Parental attitudes towards soft drink vending machines in high schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(10):1597-1600.

Hoerr SM, Louden VA. Can nutrition information increase sales of healthful vended snacks? J Sch Health. 1993;63(9):386-390.

Isaacs S, Swartz A. Banning junk foods and soda sales in the state's public schools. The California Endowment; 2006. Available from: http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/.

Kaufmann LJ. Vending machines and competitive foods in schools. NCSL Legisbrief. 2003;11(19):1-2.

Larson NI, Story M. School foods sold outside of meals, A research brief. Healthy Eating Research, a National Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ; May 2007.

Larson N, Story M. Are 'competitive foods' sold at school making our children fat? Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(3):430-435.

Long MW, Henderson KE, Schwartz MB. Evaluating the impact of a Connecticut program to reduce availability of unhealthy competitive food in schools. J Sch Health. 2010;80(10):478-486.

Marlette MA, Templeton SB, Panemangalore M. Food type, food preparation, and competitive food purchases impact school lunch plate waste by sixth-grade students. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(11):1779-1782.

McDonnell E, Probart C, Weirich JE, Hartman T, Bailey-Davis L. School competitive food policies: Perceptions of Pennsylvania public high school foodservice directors and principals. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(2):271-276.

Miura MR, Smith JA, Alderman J. Mapping school food: A policy guide. http://www.phaionline.org/.

Nickelson J, Roseman MG, Forthofer MS. Associations between parental limits, school vending machine purchases, and soft drink consumption among kentucky middle school students. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2010.

Nollen NL, Befort C, Davis AM, et al. Competitive foods in schools: Availability and purchasing in predominately rural small and large high schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(5):857-864.

Nollen NL, Kimminau KS, Nazir N. Demographic and financial characteristics of school districts with low and high a la carte sales in rural Kansas public schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):879-883.

Peterson C. Competitive foods sales are associated with a negative effect on school finances. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(6):851-857.

Pinkas D. Healthy beverage vending agreement. Public Health Law and Policy; 2007. Available from: http://www.nplanonline.org/.

Probart C, McDonnell E, Hartman T, Weirich JE, Bailey-Davis L. Factors associated with the offering and sale of competitive foods and school lunch participation. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(2):242-247.

Probart C, McDonnell E, Weirich JE, Hartman T, Bailey-Davis L, Prabhakher V. Competitive foods available in Pennsylvania public high schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(8):1243-1249.

Samuels & Associates. Competitive foods. policy brief. Oakland, CA: Samuels & Associates; 2006. Available from: http://samuelsandassociates.com/.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Sanchez BN, Baek J, Crawford PB. 'Competitive' food and beverage policies: Are they influencing childhood overweight trends? Health Aff. 2010;29(3):436-446.

Simon M, Fried EJ. State laws on school vending: The need for a public health approach. Food Drug Law J. 2007;62(1):139-150.

Smith J. Off the map: Extracurricular school food: School stores, concessions, and fundraising. Public Health Advocacy Institute; 2009. Available from: http://www.phaionline.org/.

Smith J. Legal notes: School stores, concessions, and fundraising. off the map: Extracurricular school food. Public Health Advocacy Institute; 2009. Available from: http://www.phaionline.org/.

Snelling AM, Kennard T. The impact of nutrition standards on competitive food offerings and purchasing behaviors of high school students. J Sch Health. 2009;79(11):541-546.

Snelling AM, Korba C, Burkey A. The national school lunch and competitive food offerings and purchasing behaviors of high school students. J Sch Health. 2007;77(10):701-705.

Templeton S. Sugar intake from combined school lunch and competitive food consumption. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(7):1066-1067.

Templeton SB, Marlette MA, Panemangalore M. Competitive foods increase the intake of energy and decrease the intake of certain nutrients by adolescents consuming school lunch. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(2):215-220.

Turner L and Chaloupka FJ. Availability of competitive foods and beverages: New findings from U.S. elementary schools. A research brief. Chicago, IL: Bridging the Gap Program, Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago; 2010. Available from: www.bridgingthegapresearch.org.

Turner L, Chaloupka FJ, Chriqui JF, Sandoval A. School policies and practices to improve health and prevent obesity: National elementary school survey results: School years 2006–07 and 2007–08. Chicago, IL: Bridging the Gap Program, Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago; 2010;1.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School meal programs: Competitive foods are widely available and generate substantial revenues for schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office; 2005.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School Meal Programs Competitive Foods are Available in Many Schools : Actions Taken to Restrict them Differ by State and Locality. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office; 2004.

Whatley Blum JE, Davee AM, Devore RL, et al. Implementation of low-fat, low-sugar, and portion-controlled nutrition guidelines in competitive food venues of Maine public high schools. J Sch Health. 2007;77(10):687-693.

Wildey MB, Pampalone SZ, Pelletier RL, Zive MM, Elder JP, Sallis JF. Fat and sugar levels are high in snacks purchased from student stores in middle schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(3):319-322.

Environment and Policies

Making it happen! school nutrition success stories. Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; and U.S. Department of Education; 2005;FNS-374.

Position of the american dietetic association: Local support for nutrition integrity in schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(1):108-111.

Bauer KW, Patel A, Prokop LA, Austin SB. Swimming upstream: Faculty and staff members from urban middle schools in low-income communities describe their experience implementing nutrition and physical activity initiatives. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3(2):A37.

Belansky ES, Cutforth N, Delong E, et al. Early effects of the federally mandated local wellness policy on school nutrition environments appear modest in Colorado's rural, low-income elementary schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(11):1712-1717.

Briefel RR, Crepinsek MK, Cabili C, Wilson A, Gleason PM. School food environments and practices affect dietary behaviors of US public school children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S91-107.

Brown KM, Akintobi TH, Pitt S, et al. California school board members' perceptions of factors influencing school nutrition policy. J Sch Health. 2004;74(2):52-58.

Carter MA, Swinburn B. Measuring the 'obesogenic' food environment in New Zealand primary schools. Health Promot Int. 2004;19(1):15-20.

Cassady D, Vogt R, Oto-Kent D, Mosley R, Lincoln R. The power of policy: A case study of healthy eating among children. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(9):1570-1571.

Chiodini S. Nutrition advocacy in the American federal system.

Chriqui JF, Tynan M, Agurs-Collins T, Masse LC. Will web-based research suffice when collecting U.S. school district policies? The case of physical education and school-based nutrition policies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5:64.

Cradock AL, McHugh A, Mont-Ferguson H, et al. Effect of school district policy change on consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among high school students, boston, massachusetts, 2004-2006. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8(4):A74.

Cullen KW, Watson K, Zakeri I. Improvements in middle school student dietary intake after implementation of the Texas public school nutrition policy. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(1):111-117.

Cullen KW, Watson K, Zakeri I, Ralston K. Exploring changes in middle-school student lunch consumption after local school food service policy modifications. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(6):814-820.

Cullen KW, Watson KB. The impact of the texas public school nutrition policy on student food selection and sales in Texas. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(4):706-712.

Cullen KW, Watson KB, Fithian AR. The impact of school socioeconomic status on student lunch consumption after implementation of the texas public school nutrition policy. J Sch Health. 2009;79(11):525-31.

Delva J, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. Availability of more-healthy and less-healthy food choices in American schools: A national study of grade, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic differences. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(4 Suppl 1):S226-39.

Finkelstein DM, Hill EL, Whitaker RC. School food environments and policies in US public schools. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):e251-9.

Fox MK, Dodd AH, Wilson A, Gleason PM. Association between school food environment and practices and body mass index of US public school children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S108-17.

Fried E, Simon M. The competitive food conundrum: Can government regulations improve school food? Duke Law J. 2007;56(6):1491-1539.

Isaacs S, Swartz A. Banning junk foods and soda sales in the state's public schools. The California Endowment; 2006. Available from: http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/.

Jaime PC, Lock K. Do school based food and nutrition policies improve diet and reduce obesity? Prev Med. 2009;48(1):45-53.

Johnson DB, Bruemmer B, Lund AE, Evens CC, Mar CM. Impact of school district sugar-sweetened beverage policies on student beverage exposure and consumption in middle schools. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(3 Suppl):S30-7.

Jones SJ, Gonzalez W, Frongillo EA. Policies that restrict sweetened beverage availability may reduce consumption in elementary-school children. Public Health Nutr. 2009.

Krolner R, Due P, Rasmussen M, et al. Does school environment affect 11-year-olds' fruit and vegetable intake in Denmark? Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(8):1416-1424.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Story M. Schoolwide food practices are associated with body mass index in middle school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc. 2005;159(12):1111-1114.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Hannan PJ, Perry CL, Story M. The association of the school food environment with dietary behaviors of young adolescents. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1168-1173.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Farbakhsh K, Moe S, Samuelson A. Food use in middle and high school fundraising: Does policy support healthful practice? results from a survey of minnesota school principals. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(7):1215-1219.

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Story M. Schoolwide food practices are associated with body mass index in middle school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1111-1114.

Kwak TK, Chang HJ. Advancing institutional dietetics and school nutrition program in Korea. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(Suppl 1):352-356.

Kwate NO, Loh JM. Separate and unequal: The influence of neighborhood and school characteristics on spatial proximity between fast food and schools. Prev Med. 2010;51(2):153-156.

Lissau I, Poulsen J. Nutrition policy, food and drinks at school and after school care. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(Suppl 2):S58-61.

Maclellan D, Taylor J, Freeze C. Developing school nutrition policies: Enabling and barrier factors. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2009;70(4):166-171.

Masse LC, Frosh MM, Chriqui JF, et al. Development of a school nutrition-environment state policy classification system (SNESPCS). Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(4 Suppl 1):S277-S286.

McCary JM. Improving access to school-based nutrition services for children with special health care needs. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(9):1333-1336.

McDonnell E, Probart C, Weirich JE, Hartman T, Bailey-Davis L. School competitive food policies: Perceptions of pennsylvania public high school foodservice directors and principals. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(2):271-276.

McKenna ML. Issues in implementing school nutrition policies. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2003;64(4):208-213.

Mendoza JA, Watson K, Cullen KW. Change in dietary energy density after implementation of the Texas public school nutrition policy. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(3):434-440.

Miura MR. Off the map: Extracurricular school food: Open campus lunch. Public Health Advocacy Institute; 2009. Available from: http://www.phaionline.org/.

Miura MR, Smith JA, Alderman J. Mapping school food: A policy guide. http://www.phaionline.org/.

Miura MR. Legal notes: Open campus lunch. off the map: Extracurricular school food. Public Health Advocacy Institute; 2009. Available from: http://www.phaionline.org/.

Moore L, Tapper K. The impact of school fruit tuck shops and school food policies on children's fruit consumption: A cluster randomised trial of schools in deprived areas. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(10):926-931.

Moore S, Murphy S, Tapper K, Moore L. From policy to plate: Barriers to implementing healthy eating policies in primary schools in Wales. Health Policy. 2010;94(3):239-245.

Nanney MS, Bohner C, Friedrichs M. Poverty-related factors associated with obesity prevention policies in Utah secondary schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(7):1210-1215.

Nanney MS, Nelson T, Wall M, et al. State school nutrition and physical activity policy environments and youth obesity. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(1):9-16.

Neumark-Sztainer D, French SA, Hannan PJ, Story M, Fulkerson JA. School lunch and snacking patterns among high school students: Assocations with school food environment and policies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005;2(1):14.

Nollen NL, Befort CA, Snow P, Daley CM, Ellerbeck EF, Ahluwalia JS. The school food environment and adolescent obesity: Qualitative insights from high school principals and food service personnel. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4:18.

Oakes JM, Masse LC, Messer LC. Work group III: Methodologic issues in research on the food and physical activity environments: Addressing data complexity. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(4 Suppl):S177-81.

O'Toole TP, Anderson S, Miller C, Guthrie J. Nutrition services and foods and beverages available at school: Results from the school health policies and programs study 2006. J Sch Health. 2007;77:500-521.

Phillips MM, Raczynski JM, West DS, et al. Changes in school environments with implementation of Arkansas act 1220 of 2003. Obesity. 2010;18(Suppl 1):S54-61.

Pinkas D, McCauley A. Access to public meetings and records: What nutrition advocates need to know.

Prelip M, Slusser WM, Lange L, Vecchiarielli S, Neumann C. Participatory prevention research model promotes environmental change for healthier schools. Health Promot Pract. 2010;11(1):54-61.

Ramanathan S, Allison KR, Faulkner G, Dwyer JJ. Challenges in assessing the implementation and effectiveness of physical activity and nutrition policy interventions as natural experiments. Health Promot Int. 2008;23(3):290-297.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The school food environment, children's diets, and obesity: Findings from the third school nutrition dietary assessment study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;2(Suppl 1):S1-S136.

Samuels SE, Bullock S, Woodward-Lopez G, et al. To what extent have high schools in California been able to implement state-mandated nutrition standards. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(3S):S38-44.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Sanchez BN, Baek J, Crawford PB. 'Competitive' food and beverage policies: Are they influencing childhood overweight trends? Health Aff. 2010;29(3):436-446.

Seliske LM, Pickett W, Boyce WF, Janssen I. Association between the food retail environment surrounding schools and overweight in Canadian youth. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(9):1384-1391.

Seliske LM, Pickett W, Boyce WF, Janssen I. Density and type of food retailers surrounding Canadian schools: Variations across socioeconomic status. Health Place. 2009;15(3):903-907.

Simon M, Fried EJ. State laws on school vending: The need for a public health approach. Food Drug Law J. 2007;62(1):139-150.

Story M, Nanney MS, Schwartz MB. Schools and obesity prevention: Creating school environments and policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Milbank Q. 2009;87(1):71-100.

Sturm R. Disparities in the food environment surrounding US middle and high schools. Public Health. 2008;122(7):681-690.

Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Delva J, Johnston LD. The school food environment and student body mass index and food consumption: 2004 to 2007 national data. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(3 Suppl):S45-56.

Tester JM, Stevens SA, Yen IH, Laraia BL. An analysis of public health policy and legal issues relevant to mobile food vending. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(11):2038-2046.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School meal programs: Competitive foods are widely available and generate substantial revenues for schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office; 2005.

Vecchiarelli S, Takayanagi S, Neumann C. Students' perceptions of the impact of nutrition policies on dietary behaviors. J Sch Health. 2006;76(10):525-31.

Wechsler H, Brener ND, Kuester S, Miller C. Food service and foods and beverages available at school: Results from the school health policies and programs study 2000. J Sch Health. 2001;71(7):313-324.

Wechsler H, Devereaux AB, Davis M, Collins JL. Using the school environment to promote physical activity and healthy eating. Prev Med. 2000;31(suppl):S121-S137.

Whatley Blum JE, Beaudoin CM, O'Brien LM, Polacsek M, Harris DE, O'Rourke KA. Impact of Maine’s statewide nutrition policy on high school food environments. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8(1):A19.

Wojcicki JM, Heyman MB. Healthier choices and increased participation in a middle school lunch program: Effects of nutrition policy changes in san francisco. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(9):1542-1547.

Woodward-Lopez G, Gosliner W, Samuels SE, Craypo L, Kao J, Crawford PB. Lessons learned from evaluations of California’s statewide school nutrition standards. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(11):2137-2145.

Fast Food

Craypo L, Purcell A, Samuels SE, Agron P, Bell E, Takada E. Fast food sales on high school campuses: Results from the 2000 California high school fast food survey. J Sch Health. 2002;72(2):78-82.

Craypo L, Samuels SE, Purcell A. The 2003 California high school fast food survey. Oakland, CA: Public Health Institute; 2004.

Craypo L, Purcell A, Samuels SE, Agron P, Bell E, Takada E. Fast food sales on high school campuses: Results from the 2000 California high school fast food survey. J Sch Health. 2002;72(2):78-82.

Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, et al. Effects of a comprehensive fruit- and vegetable-promoting school-based intervention in three European countries: The pro children study. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(4):893-903.

Financial Impact

Anderson PM, Butcher KF. Reading, writing and Raisinets: Are school finances contributing to children's obesity?

Brown DM, Tammineni SK. Managing sales of beverages in schools to preserve profits and improve children's nutrition intake in 15 Mississippi schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(12):2036-2042.

U.S. General Accounting Office. School meal programs: Revenue and expense information from selected states. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office; 2003;GAO-03-569.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Commercial activities in schools: A report to congressional requesters. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office; 2000;GAO/HEHS-00-156.

Wharton CM, Long M, Schwartz MB. Changing nutrition standards in schools: The emerging impact on school revenue. J Sch Health. 2008;78(5):245-251.

Fruits and Vegetables

Adams MA, Pelletier RL, Zive MM, Sallis JF. Salad bars and fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary schools: A plate waste study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(11):1789-1792.

Ashfield-Watt PA, Stewart EA, Scheffer JA. A pilot study of the effect of providing daily free fruit to primary-school children in Auckland, New Zealand. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(5):693-701.

Coyle KK, Potter S, Schneider D, et al. Distributing free fresh fruit and vegetables at school: Results of a pilot outcome evaluation. Public Health Rep. 2009;124(5):660-669.

Cullen KW, Watson KB, Konarik M. Differences in fruit and vegetable exposure and preferences among adolescents receiving free fruit and vegetable snacks at school. Appetite. 2009;52(3):740-744.

Cullen KW, Zakeri I. Fruits, vegetables, milk, and sweetened beverages consumption and access to a la carte/snack bar meals at school. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(3):463-467.

Davis EM, Cullen KW, Watson KB, Konarik M, Radcliffe J. A fresh fruit and vegetable program improves high school students' consumption of fresh produce. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(7):1227-1231.

de Sa J, Lock K. Will european agricultural policy for school fruit and vegetables improve public health? A review of school fruit and vegetable programmes. Eur J Public Health. 2008;18(6):558-568.

Economos CD, Sacheck JM, Kwan Ho Chui K, et al. School-based behavioral assessment tools are reliable and valid for measurement of fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and television viewing in young children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(4):695-701.

Eriksen K, Haraldsdottir J, Pederson R, Flyger HV. Effect of a fruit and vegetable subscription in Danish schools. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(1):57-63.

French SA, Stables G. Environmental interventions to promote vegetable and fruit consumption among youth in school settings. Prev Med. 2003;37:593-610.

Gonzalez W, Jones SJ, Frongillo EA. Restricting snacks in U.S. elementary schools is associated with higher frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption. J Nutr. 2009;139(1):142-144.

Graham H, Zidenberg-Cherr S. California teachers perceive school gardens as an effective nutritional tool to promote healthful eating habits. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(11):1797-1800.

Graham H, Zidenberg-Cherr S. California teachers perceive school gardens as an effective nutritional tool to promote healthful eating habits. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(11):1797-1800.

Harrington KF, Kohler CL, McClure LA, Franklin FA. Fourth graders' reports of fruit and vegetable intake at school lunch: Does treatment assignment affect accuracy? J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(1):36-44.

He M, Beynon C, Sangster Bouck M, et al. Impact evaluation of the northern fruit and vegetable pilot programme - a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(11):2199-2208.

Hoffman JA, Franko DL, Thompson DR, Power TJ, Stallings VA. Longitudinal behavioral effects of a school-based fruit and vegetable promotion program. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(1):61-71.

Jamelske E, Bica LA, McCarty DJ, Meinen A. Preliminary findings from an evaluation of the USDA fresh fruit and vegetable program in Wisconsin schools. WMJ. 2008;107(5):225-230.

Krolner R, Due P, Rasmussen M, et al. Does school environment affect 11-year-olds' fruit and vegetable intake in Denmark? Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(8):1416-1424.

Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer DR, Harnack LJ, Wall MM, Story MT, Eisenberg ME. Fruit and vegetable intake correlates during the transition to young adulthood. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(1):33-37.

Laurence S, Peterken R, Burns C. Fresh kids: The efficacy of a health promoting schools approach to increasing consumption of fruit and water in Australia. Health Promot Int. 2007;22(3):218-226.

Mangunkusumo RT, Brug J, de Koning HJ, Van Der Lei J, Raat H. School-based internet-tailored fruit and vegetable education combined with brief counseling increases children's awareness of intake levels. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:273-279.

McAleese JD, Rankin LL. Garden-based nutrition education affects fruit and vegetable consumption in sixth-grade adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(4):662-665.

Moore JB, Pawloski LR, Goldberg P, Kyeung MO, Stoehr A, Baghi H. Childhood obesity study: A pilot study of the effect of the nutrition education program color my pyramid. J Sch Nurs. 2009;25(3):230-239.

Moore L, Tapper K. The impact of school fruit tuck shops and school food policies on children's fruit consumption: A cluster randomised trial of schools in deprived areas. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(10):926-931.

Parmer SM, Salisbury-Glennon J, Shannon D, Struempler B. School gardens: An experiential learning approach for a nutrition education program to increase fruit and vegetable knowledge, preference, and consumption among second-grade students. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009;41(3):212-217.

Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor GL, et al. A randomized school trial of environmental strategies to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption among children. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31(1):65-76.

Ransley JK, Greenwood DC, Cade JE, et al. Does the school fruit and vegetable scheme improve children's diet? A non-randomised controlled trial. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(8):699-703.

Reinaerts E, Crutzen R, Candel M, De Vries NK, De Nooijer J. Increasing fruit and vegetable intake among children: Comparing long-term effects of a free distribution and a multicomponent program. Health Educ Res. 2008;23(6):987-996.

Reinaerts E, de Nooijer J, Candel M, de Vries N. Increasing children's fruit and vegetable consumption: Distribution or a multicomponent programme? Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(9):939-947.

Schwartz MB. The influence of a verbal prompt on school lunch fruit consumption: A pilot study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4:6.

Somerset S, Markwell K. Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: A 12-month intervention trial. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(2):214-221.

Stables GJ, Young EM, Howerton MW, et al. Small school-based effectiveness trials increase vegetable and fruit consumption among youth. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(2):252-256.

Swanson M, Branscum A, Nakayima PJ. Promoting consumption of fruit in elementary school cafeterias. The effects of slicing apples and oranges. Appetite. 2009;53(2):264-267.

Tuuri G, Zanovec M, Silverman L, et al. "Smart bodies" school wellness program increased children's knowledge of healthy nutrition practices and self-efficacy to consume fruit and vegetables. Appetite. 2009;52(2):445-451.

General Information and Standards

Anderson PM, Butcher KF, Cascio EU, Schanzenbach DW. Is being in school better? the impact of school on children's BMI when starting age is endogenous. J Health Econ. 2011;30(5):977-986.

Goran MI, Sothern MS, eds. Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 2006. French S. A. and Story M., eds. Obesity prevention in schools.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Nutrition standards for foods in schools: Leading the way toward healthier youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2007.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Healthy schools for healthy kids. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2003.

Snelling AM, Kennard T. The impact of nutrition standards on competitive food offerings and purchasing behaviors of high school students. J Sch Health. 2009;79(11):541-546.

Story M, Kaphingst KM, French S. The role of schools in obesity prevention. Future Child. 2006;16:109-142.

Story M. The third school nutrition dietary assessment study: Findings and policy implications for improving the health of US children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S7-13.

Story M, Nanney MS, Schwartz MB. Schools and obesity prevention: Creating school environments and policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Milbank Q. 2009;87(1):71-100.

Veugelers PJ, Fitzgerald AL. Effectiveness of school programs in preventing childhood obesity: A multilevel comparison. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(3):432-435.

Whatley Blum JE, Beaudoin CM, O'Brien LM, Polacsek M, Harris DE, O'Rourke KA. Impact of Maine’s statewide nutrition policy on high school food environments. Prev Chronic Dis. 2011;8(1):A19.

Interventions

Ashfield-Watt PA, Stewart EA, Scheffer JA. A pilot study of the effect of providing daily free fruit to primary-school children in Auckland, New Zealand. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(5):693-701.

Ask AS, Hernes S, Aarek I, Johannessen G, Haugen M. Changes in dietary pattern in 15 year old adolescents following a 4 month dietary intervention with school breakfast--a pilot study. Nutr J. 2006;5:33.

Austin SB, Kim J, Wiecha J, Troped PJ, Feldman HA, Peterson KE. School-based overweight preventive intervention lowers incidence of disordered weight-control behaviors in early adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(9):865-869.

Bisset SL, Potvin L, Daniel M, Paquette M. Assessing the impact of the primary school-based nutrition intervention petits cuistots--parents en reseaux. Can J Public Health. 2008;99(2):107-113.

Burgess-Champoux TL, Chan HW, Rosen R, Marquart L, Reicks M. Healthy whole-grain choices for children and parents: A multi-component school-based pilot intervention. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(8):849-859.

Burrows T, Warren JM, Baur LA, Collins CE. Impact of a child obesity intervention on dietary intake and behaviors. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(10):1481-1488.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Effects of switching from whole to low-fat/fat-free milk in public schools - New York City, 2004-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(3):70-73.

Coyle KK, Potter S, Schneider D, et al. Distributing free fresh fruit and vegetables at school: Results of a pilot outcome evaluation. Public Health Rep. 2009;124(5):660-669.

Cullen KW, Hartstein J, Reynolds KD, et al. Improving the school food environment: Results from a pilot study in middle schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(3):484-489.

Cullen KW, Watson K, Zakeri I, Ralston K. Exploring changes in middle-school student lunch consumption after local school food service policy modifications. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(6):814-820.

Cullen KW, Watson KB. The impact of the texas public school nutrition policy on student food selection and sales in Texas. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(4):706-712.

Cullen KW, Watson KB, Fithian AR. The impact of school socioeconomic status on student lunch consumption after implementation of the Texas public school nutrition policy. J Sch Health. 2009;79(11):525-31.

Cunningham-Sabo L, Snyder MP, Anliker J, et al. Impact of the pathways food service intervention on breakfast served in American-Indian schools. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):S46-54.

Davis EM, Cullen KW, Watson KB, Konarik M, Radcliffe J. A fresh fruit and vegetable program improves high school students' consumption of fresh produce. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(7):1227-1231.

Day ME, Strange KS, McKay HA, Naylor PJ. Action schools! BC--healthy eating: Effects of a whole-school model to modifying eating behaviours of elementary school children. Can J Public Health. 2008;99(4):328-331.

Dwyer JT, Michell P, Cosentino C, et al. Fat-sugar see-saw in school lunches: Impact of a low fat intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2003;32(6):428-435.

Fernandes PS, Bernardo Cde O, Campos RM, Vasconcelos FA. Evaluating the effect of nutritional education on the prevalence of overweight/obesity and on foods eaten at primary schools. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(4):315-321.

Fox MK, Crepinsek P, Connor P, Battaglia M. School nutrition dietary assessment study-II: Summary of findings. Alexandria, VA: US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation; 2001.

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA, Hannan P. An environmental intervention to promote lower-fat food choices in secondary schools: Outcomes of the TACOS study. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(9):1507-1512.

Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, et al. Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(4):409-418.

Hoffman JA, Franko DL, Thompson DR, Power TJ, Stallings VA. Longitudinal behavioral effects of a school-based fruit and vegetable promotion program. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(1):61-71.

Hollar D, Messiah SE, Lopez-Mitnik G, Hollar TL, Almon M, Agatston AS. Healthier options for public schoolchildren program improves weight and blood pressure in 6- to 13-year-olds. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(2):261-267.

Laurence S, Peterken R, Burns C. Fresh kids: The efficacy of a health promoting schools approach to increasing consumption of fruit and water in Australia. Health Promot Int. 2007;22(3):218-226.

Lytle LA, Kubik MY, Perry C, Story M, Birnbaum AS, Murray DM. Influencing healthful food choices in school and home environments: Results from the TEENS study. Prev Med. 2006;43(1):8-13.

McCullum-Gomez C, Barroso CS, Hoelscher DM, Ward JL, Kelder SH. Factors influencing implementation of the coordinated approach to child health (CATCH) eat smart school nutrition program in texas. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(12):2039-2044.

Moore L, Tapper K. The impact of school fruit tuck shops and school food policies on children's fruit consumption: A cluster randomised trial of schools in deprived areas. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(10):926-931.

Neiger BL, Thackeray R, Hanson CL, Rigby S, Hussey C, Anderson JW. A policy and environmental response to overweight in childhood: The impact of gold medal schools. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(4):A132.

Obarzanek E, Pratt CA. Girls health enrichment multi-site studies (GEMS): New approaches to obesity prevention among young African-American girls. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(1 Suppl 1):S1-5.

Perman JA, Young TL, Stines E, Hamon J, Turner LM, Rowe MG. A community-driven obesity prevention and intervention in an elementary school. J Ky Med Assoc. 2008;106(3):104-108.

Prelip M, Slusser WM, Lange L, Vecchiarielli S, Neumann C. Participatory prevention research model promotes environmental change for healthier schools. Health Promot Pract. 2010;11(1):54-61.

Resnicow K, Robinson TN. School-based cardiovascular disease prevention studies: Review and synthesis. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7(7, Supplement 1):S14-S31.

Rogers VW, Motyka E. 5-2-1-0 goes to school: A pilot project testing the feasibility of schools adopting and delivering healthy messages during the school day. Pediatrics. 2009;123(Suppl 5):S272-6.

Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Conway TL, et al. Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial in middle schools. Am J Prev Med. 2003;24(3):209-217.

Schwartz MB. The influence of a verbal prompt on school lunch fruit consumption: A pilot study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4:6.

Schwartz MB, Novak SA, Fiore SS. The impact of removing snacks of low nutritional value from middle schools. Health Educ Behav. 2009;36(6):999-1011.

Shilts MK, Lamp C, Horowitz M, Townsend MS. Pilot study: EatFit impacts sixth graders' academic performance on achievement of mathematics and english education standards. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009;41(2):127-131.

Sichieri R, Paula Trotte A, de Souza RA, Veiga GV. School randomised trial on prevention of excessive weight gain by discouraging students from drinking sodas. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(2):197-202.

Snyder P, Anliker J, Cunningham-Sabo L, et al. The pathways study: A model for lowering the fat in school meals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(4 Suppl):810S-815S.

Somerset S, Markwell K. Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: A 12-month intervention trial. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(2):214-221.

Story M. School-based approaches for preventing and treating obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(Suppl 2):S43-51.

Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, et al. Effects of a comprehensive fruit- and vegetable-promoting school-based intervention in three european countries: The pro children study. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(4):893-903.

The HEALTHY Study Group. A school-based intervention for diabetes risk reduction. N Engl J Med. 2010.

Tuuri G, Zanovec M, Silverman L, et al. "Smart bodies" school wellness program increased children's knowledge of healthy nutrition practices and self-efficacy to consume fruit and vegetables. Appetite. 2009;52(2):445-451.

School Meal Programs

Position of the American Dietetic Association: Local support for nutrition integrity in schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(1):108-111.  

Position of ADA, SNE, and ASFSA: School-based nutrition programs and services. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95(3):367-369.

Briefel RR, Crepinsek MK, Cabili C, Wilson A, Gleason PM. School food environments and practices affect dietary behaviors of US public school children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S91-107.   

Clark MA, Fox MK. Nutritional quality of the diets of US public school children and the role of the school meal programs. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S44-56.

Condon EM, Crepinsek MK, Fox MK. School meals: Types of foods offered to and consumed by children at lunch and breakfast. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S67-78.  

Crepinsek MK, Gordon AR, McKinney PM, Condon EM, Wilson A. Meals offered and served in US public schools: Do they meet nutrient standards? J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S31-43.

Crepinsek MK, Singh A, Bernstein LS, McLaughlin JE. Dietary effects of universal-free school breakfast: Findings from the evaluation of the school breakfast program pilot project. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(11):1796-1803.

Cunningham-Sabo L, Snyder MP, Anliker J, et al. Impact of the pathways food service intervention on breakfast served in American-Indian schools. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):S46-54.

Demas A, Kindermann D, Pimentel D. SCHOOL MEALS a nutritional and environmental perspective. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine. 2010;53(2):249-256.

Dubuisson C, Lioret S, Calamassi-Tran G, Volatier JL, Lafay L. School meals in French secondary state schools with regard to the national recommendations. Br J Nutr. 2009;102(2):293-301.

Evans CE, Harper CE. A history and review of school meal standards in the UK. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2009;22(2):89-99.

Gleason PM, Dodd AH. School breakfast program but not school lunch program participation is associated with lower body mass index. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S118-28.

Goldberg JP, Collins JJ, Folta SC, et al. Retooling food service for early elementary school students in Somerville, Massachusetts: The shape up Somerville experience. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009;6(3):A103. 

Graves A, Haughton B, Jahns L, Fitzhugh E, Jones SJ. Biscuits, sausage, gravy, milk, and orange juice: School breakfast environment in 4 rural Appalachian schools. J Sch Health. 2008;78(4):197-202.

Hastert TA, Babey SH. School lunch source and adolescent dietary behavior. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009;6(4):A117. 

Hollar D, Messiah SE, Lopez-Mitnik G, Hollar TL, Almon M, Agatston AS. Healthier options for public schoolchildren program improves weight and blood pressure in 6- to 13-year-olds. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(2):261-267.

Johner NM. Evaluation's vital role in healthier school meals. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S18-9.

Mendoza JA, Watson K, Cullen KW. Change in dietary energy density after implementation of the Texas public school nutrition policy. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(3):434-440.

Mirtcheva DM, Powell LM. Participation in the national school lunch program: Importance of school-level and neighborhood contextual factors. J Sch Health. 2009;79(10):485-494. 

Murphy JM, Pagano ME, Nachmani J, Sperling P, Kane S, Kleinman RE. The relationship of school breakfast to psychosocial and academic functioning: Cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in an inner-city school sample. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152(9):899-907.

Nelson M, Lowes K, Hwang V, members of the Nutrition Group, School Meals Review Panel, Department for Education and Skills. The contribution of school meals to food consumption and nutrient intakes of young people aged 4-18 years in England. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(7):652-662. 

Probart C, McDonnell E, Hartman T, Weirich JE, Bailey-Davis L. Factors associated with the offering and sale of competitive foods and school lunch participation. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(2):242-247.

Rees GA, Richards CJ, Gregory J. Food and nutrient intakes of primary school children: A comparison of school meals and packed lunches. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008;21(5):420-427.

Rogers IS, Ness AR, Hebditch K, Jones LR, Emmett PM. Quality of food eaten in English primary schools: School dinners vs packed lunches. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(7):856-864.

Shanklin CW, Wie S. Nutrient contribution per 100 kcal and per penny for the 5 meal components in school lunch: Entree, milk, vegetable/fruit, bread/grain, and miscellaneous. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(11):1358-1361.

Story M, Snyder MP, Anliker J, et al. Changes in the nutrient content of school lunches: Results from the pathways study. Prev Med. 2003;37(Suppl):S35-45.

Templeton S. Sugar intake from combined school lunch and competitive food consumption. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(7):1066-1067.  

Wojcicki JM, Heyman MB. Healthier choices and increased participation in a middle school lunch program: Effects of nutrition policy changes in san francisco. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(9):1542-1547.

Wellness Policies

Belansky E, Chriqui J and Schwartz M. Local school wellness policies: How are schools implementing the congressional mandate? A research brief. Healthy Eating Research, a National Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; June 2009.

Belansky ES, Cutforth N, Delong E, et al. Early impact of the federally mandated local wellness policy on physical activity in rural, low-income elementary schools in colorado. J Public Health Policy. 2009;30(Suppl 1):S141-60.

Dworak LM. From paper to practice: A look at healthiest wisconsin 2010 and the development of local school wellness policies that aid in the prevention of childhood overweight. Nasnewsletter. 2009;24(2):84-89.

Food Research and Action Center. Local school wellness policies. http://www.frac.org/.

Jomaa LH, McDonnell E, Weirich E, Hartman T, Jensen L, Probart C. Student involvement in wellness policies: A study of pennsylvania local education agencies. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2010;42(6):372-379.

Longley CH, Sneed J. Effects of federal legislation on wellness policy formation in school districts in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(1):95-101.

Mendoza JA, Watson K, Cullen KW. Change in dietary energy density after implementation of the texas public school nutrition policy. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(3):434-440.

Metos J, Nanney MS. The strength of school wellness policies: One state's experience. J Sch Health. 2007;77(7):367-372.

Moag-Stahlberg A, Howley N, Luscri L. A national snapshot of local school wellness policies. J Sch Health. 2008;78(10):562-568.

Nanney MS, Davey C. Evaluating the distribution of school wellness policies and practices: A framework to capture equity among schools serving the most weight-vulnerable children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(9):1436-1439.

Probart C, McDonnell E, Weirich JE, Schilling L, Fekete V. Statewide assessment of local wellness policies in Pennsylvania public school districts. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(9):1497-1502.

Probart C, McDonnell ET, Jomaa L, Fekete V. Lessons from Pennsylvania’s mixed response to federal school wellness law. Health Aff. 2010;29(3):447-453.

Schwartz MB, Lund AE, Grow HM, et al. A comprehensive coding system to measure the quality of school wellness policies. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(7):1256-1262.

Serrano E, Kowaleska A, Hosig K, Fuller C, Fellin L, Wigand V. Status and goals of local school wellness policies in Virginia: A response to the child nutrition and WIC reauthorization act of 2004. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39(2):95-100.

Taber DR, Stevens J, Evenson KR, et al. State policies targeting junk food in schools: Racial/ethnic differences in the effect of policy change on soda consumption. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(9):1769-1775.

Weber JA. Measuring progress on school wellness policies: Are nutrition standards making the grade? J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(8):1293-1295.