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Economic Approaches and Food Pricing References

 

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Food Marketing and Promotion References

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Chester J, Montgomery K. Interactive food and beverage marketing: Targeting children and youth in the digital age. 2007. Berkeley Media Studies Group, Berkeley, Calif.

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Hawkes C. Uneven dietary development: Linking the policies and processes of globalization with the nutrition transition, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. Global Health. 2006; 2:4.

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Kotz K, Story M. Food advertisements during children's Saturday morning television programming: Are they consistent with dietary recommendations? J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94:1296-1300.

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McGinnis JM, Gootman J, Kraak VI. Food marketing to children: Threat or opportunity? Institute of Medicine (US), Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth. 2006. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

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Powell LM, Szczypka G, Chaloupka FJ. Exposure to food advertising on television among US children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:1-9.

 

Robinson, TN, Borzekowski, DLG, Matheson, DM, Kraemer, HC. Effects of fast food branding on young children's taste preferences. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(8):792-797.

Salinsky E. Effects of food marketing to kids: I'm lovin' it? Issue Brief Natl Health Policy Forum. 2006;(814):1-16.

Schor JB, Ford M. From tastes great to cool: Children's food marketing and the rise of the symbolic. J Law Med Ethics. 2007; 35(1):10-21.

Sproul AD, Canter DD, Schmidt JB. Does point-of-purchase nutrition labeling influence meal selections? A test in an army cafeteria. Mil Med. 2003;168:556-560.

Story M, French SA. Food advertising and marketing directed at children and adolescents in the US. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2004;1:3.

 

Sugarman SD, Sandman N. Fighting childhood obesity through performance-based regulation of the food industry. Duke Law J. 2007;56:1403-1490.

 

Weber K, Story M, Harnack L. Internet food marketing strategies aimed at children and adolescents: A content analysis of food and beverage brand web sites. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(9):1463-6.

 

Wiehe S, Lynch H, Park K. Sugar high: The marketing of soft drinks to America's schoolchildren. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:209-211.

 

Wilson BJ. Designing media messages about health and nutrition: What strategies are most effective? J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39:S13-9.

 

Wilson N, Quigley R, Mansoor O. Food ads on TV: A health hazard for children? Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999;23:647-650.

 

Wilson N, Signal L, Nicholls S, Thomson G. Hazardous and beneficial nutritional messages in 858 televised food advertisements during children's viewing hours. N Z Med J. 2006;119:U1967.

 

Wootan MG. Need for and effectiveness of menu labeling. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107:33-4; author reply 34-5.

 

 

Food Access References

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Alwitt L, Donley T. Retail stores in poor urban neighborhoods. J Consum Aff. 1997;31:139-164.

 

Anderson J, Bybee D, Brown R, McLean D, Garcia E, Breer M, Schillo B. 5 A Day fruit and vegetable intervention improves consumption in a low income population. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:195-202.

 

Ashe M, Jernigan D, Kline R, Galaz R. Land use planning and the control of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and fast food restaurants. Am J Pub Health. 2003;93(9):1404-1408.

 

Austin S, Melly S, Sanchez B, Patel A, Buka S, Gortmaker S. Clustering of fast-food restaurants around schools: A novel application of spatial statistics to the study of food environments. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(9):1575-1581.

 

Baker EA, Schootman M, Barnidge E, Kelly C. The role of race and poverty in access to foods that enable individuals to adhere to dietary guidelines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006; 3(3):A76.

 

Befort C, Kaur H, Nollen N, Sullivan D, Nazir N, Choi W, Hornberger L, Ahluwalia J. Fruit, vegetable, and fat intake among Non-Hispanic black and Non-Hispanic white adolescents: Associations with home availability and food consumption settings. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:367-373.

 

Blisard N, Stewart H, Joliffe D. Low-income households' expenditures on fruits and vegetables. Agricultural Economic Rep. 833. 2004. USDA, ERS, Washington, DC.

 

Block D, Kouba J. A comparison of the availability and affordability of a market basket in two communities in the Chicago area. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(7):837-845.

 

Block JP, Scribner RA, DeSalvo KB. Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: A geographic analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27(3):211-217.

 

Bodor J, Rose D, Farley T, Swalm C, Scott S. Neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: The role of small food stores in an urban environment. Public Health Nutr. 2007;1-8.

 

Bowman S, Gortmaker S, Ebbeling C, Pereira M, Ludwig D. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics. Jan 2004;113(1 Pt 1):112-118.

 

Burdette HL, Whitaker RC. Neighborhood playgrounds, fast food restaurants, and crime: Relationships to overweight in low-income preschool children. Prev Med. 2004;38(1):57-63.

 

Cheadle A, Psaty BM, Curry S, Wagner E, Diehr P, Koepsell T, Kristal A. Community-level comparisons between the grocery store environment and individual dietary practices. Prev Med. 1991;20(2):250-261.

 

Chung C, Myers J. Do the poor pay more for food? An analysis of grocery store availability and food price disparities. J Consum Aff. 1999;33:276-296.

 

Cousineau M. Improving the nutritional resource environment for healthy living through community-based participatory research. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:568-575.

 

Cummins S. Neighbourhood food environment and diet - time for improved conceptual models? Prev Med. 2007;44:196-197.

 

Cummins S, Macintyre S. Food environments and obesity – neighborhoods or nation? Int J Epidemiol. 2006; 35:100-104.

 

Cummins S, McKay L, MacIntyre S. McDonald's restaurants and neighborhood deprivation in Scotland and England. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29(4):308-310.

 

Cummins S, Petticrew M, Higgins C, Findlay A, Sparks L. Large scale food retailing as an intervention for diet and health: Quasi-experimental evaluation of a natural experiment. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(12):1035-1040.

 

Cummins S, Petticrew M, Sparks L, Findlay A. Large scale food retail interventions and diet. BMJ. 2005;330(7493):683-684.

 

Duffey K, Gordon-Larsen P, Jacobs D, Williams O, Popkin B. Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y change in body mass index: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:201-208.

 

Edmonds J, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Cullen K, Myres D. Ecological and socioeconomic correlates of fruit, juice, and vegetable consumption among African-American boys. Prev Med. 2001;32:476-481.

 

Fisher BD, Strogatz DS. Community measures of low-fat milk consumption: Comparing store shelves with households. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(2):235-237.

 

Frank DA, Neault NB, Skalicky A, Cook JT, Wilson JD, Levenson S, Meyers AF, Heeren T, Cutts DB, Casey PH, Black MM, Berkowitz C. Heat or eat: The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program and nutritional and health risks among children less than 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):e1293-302.

 

French SA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fulkerson JA, Hannan P. Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: Associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1823-1833.

 

Galvez M, Morland K, Raines C, Kobil J, Siskind J, Godbold J, Brenner B. Race and food store availability in an inner-city neighbourhood. Public Health Nutr. 2007.

 

Glanz K, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD. Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in stores (NEMS-S): development and evaluation. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(4):282-9.

 

Horowitz CR, Colson KA, Hebert PL, Lancaster K. Barriers to buying healthy foods for people with diabetes: Evidence of environmental disparities. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(9):1549-1554.

 

Hosler A, Varadarajulu D, Ronsani A, Fredrick B, Fisher B. Low-fat milk and high-fiber bread availability in food stores in urban and rural communities. J Public Health Management Practice. 2006;12(6):556-562.

 

Inagami S, Cohen D, Finch B, Asch S. You are where you shop. Grocery store locations, weight, and neighborhoods. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31(1):10-17.

 

Jago R, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Cullen K, Thompson D. Distance to food stores and adolescent male fruit and vegetable consumption: Mediation effects. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4(1):35.

 

Jeffery RW, Baxter J, McGuire M, Linde J. Are fast food restaurants an environmental risk factor for obesity? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:2.

 

Jetter K, Cassady D. The availability and cost of healthier food alternatives. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(1):38-44.

 

Kaufman P. Rural poor have less access to supermarkets, large grocery stores. Rural Development Perspectives. 1998;13(3):19-26.

 

Kipke MD, Iverson E, Moore D, Booker C, Ruelas V, Peters AL, Kaufman F. Food and park environments: Neighborhood-level risks for childhood obesity in east Los Angeles. J Adolesc Health. 2007; 40(4):325-33.

 

Laraia BA, Siega-Riz AM, Kaufman JS, Jones SJ. Proximity of supermarkets is positively associated with diet quality index for pregnancy. Prev Med. 2004;39(5):869-875.

 

Levy J, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. 10 ways to get healthy, local foods into low-income neighborhoods. A Minneapolis resource guide.  http://yww.hcwh.org/iatp/publications.cfm?accountID=258&refID=97319.

 

Lewis L, Sloane D, Nascimento L, Diamant A, Guinyard J, Yancey A, Flynn G. African Americans' access to healthy food options in South Los Angeles restaurants. Am J Pub Health. 2005;95(4):668-673.

 

Liese AD, Weis KE, Pluto D, Smith E, Lawson A. Food store types, availability, and cost of foods in a rural environment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107:1916-1923.

 

Lin B-H, Guthrie J, Frazao E. Away-from-home foods increasingly important to quality of American Diet.  http://jan.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/general/aib/aib749.pdf.

 

Liu G, Wilson J, Qi R, Ying J. Green neighborhoods, food retail and childhood overweight: Differences by population density. Am J Health Promot. 2007;21(4S):317-325.

 

Macdonald L, Cummins S, Macintyre S. Neighborhood fast food environment and area deprivation - substitution or concentration? Appetite. 2007;49:251-254.

 

Macintyre, S. Deprivation amplification revisited; or, is it always true that poorer places have poorer access to resources for healthy diets and physical activity? Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2007; 4(32).

 

Maddock J. The relationship between obesity and the prevalence of fast food restaurants: State-level analysis. Am J Health Promot. 2004;19(2):137-143.

 

Moore LV, Diez Roux AV. Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(2):325-31.

 

Morland K, Diez Roux AV, Wing S. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(4):333-339.

 

Morland K, Filomena S. Disparities in the availability of fruits and vegetables between racially segregated urban neighborhoods. Public Health Nutr. 2007;1-9.

 

Morland K, Wing S, Diez-Roux A. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(11):1761-1767.

 

Morland K, Wing S, Diez Roux A, Poole C. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22(1):23-9.

 

Morton L, Blanchard T. Starved for access: Life in rural America's food deserts. Rural Realities.2007.1(4). Available at: http://www.ruralsociology.org/pubs/RuralRealities/Issue4.html.

 

Niemeier H, Raynor H, Lloyd-Richardson E, Rogers M, Wing R. Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: Predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39:842-849.

 

Paeratakul S, Ferdinand D, Champagne C, Ryan D, Bray G. Fast-food consumption among U.S. adults and children: Dietary and nutrient intake profile. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:1332-1338.

 

Pearce J, Blakely T, Witten K, Bartie P. Neighborhood deprivation and access to fast-food retailing: A national study. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(5):375-382.

 

Pereira M, Kartashov A, Ebbeling C, Van Horn L, Slattery M, Jacobs D, Ludwig D. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet. 2005;365:36-42.

 

Pothukuchi K. Attracting supermarkets to inner-city neighborhoods: Economic development outside the box. Econ. Dev. Q. 2005; 19:232-44.

 

Powell L, Auld CM, Chaloupka F, O'Malley P, Johnston L. Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(4 Suppl 1):S301-S307.

 

Powell L, Auld CM, Chaloupka F, O'Malley P, Johnston L. Access to fast food and food prices: Relationship with fruit and vegetable consumption and overweight among adolescents. Adv Health Econ Health Serv Res. 2007;17:23-48.

 

Powell L, Chaloupka F, Bao Y. The availability of fast-food and full-service restaurants in the United States. Associations with neighborhood characteristics. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(4 Suppl 1):S240-S245.

 

Powell L, Slater S, Mirtcheva D, Bao Y, Chaloupka F. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Prev Med. 2007;44:189-195.

 

Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev. 2003;4(4):187-194.

 

Reidpath DD, Burns C, Garrard J, Mahoney M, Townsend M. An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity. Health Place. 2002;8(2):141-145.

 

Rose D, Richards R. Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(8):1081-1088.

 

Saelens B, Glanz K, Sallis J, Frank L. Nutrition environment measures study in restaurants (NEMS-R): Development and evaluation. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(4):273-281.

 

Satia J, Galanko J, Siega-Riz A. Eating at fast-food restaurants is associated with dietary intake, demographic, psychosocial and behavioural factors among African Americans in North Carolina. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(8):1089-1096.

 

Schmidt M, Affenito S, Striegel-Moore R, Khoury P, Barton B, Crawford P, Kronsberg S, Schreiber G, Obarzanek E, Daniels S. Fast-food intake and diet quality in black and white girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:626-631.

 

Shaffer A. The persistence of L.A.'s grocery gap:  The need for a new food policy and approach to market development. Center for Food and Justice, Urban and Environmental Policy Institute (UEPI), Occidental College. 2002. Available at: http://departments.oxy.edu/uepi/publications/the_persistence_of.htm.

 

Sloane D, Diamount A, Lewis L, Yancey A, Flynn G, Nascimento L, McCarthy W, Guinyard J, Slusser WM, Cumberland WG, Browdy BL, Lange L, Neumann C.A. School salad bar increases frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption among children living in low-income households. Public Health Nutr. 2007;5:1-7

 

Sturm R, Datar A. Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density. Public Health. 2005;119(12):1059-1068.

 

Thompson O, Ballew C, Resnicow K, Must A, Bandini L, Cyr H, Dietz W. Food purchased away from home as a predictor of change in BMI z-score among girls. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(2):282-289.

 

Twiss J, Dickinson J, Duma S, Kleinman T, Paulsen H, Rilveria L. Community gardens: Lessons learned from California Healthy Cities and Communities. Am J Pub Health. 2003;93(9):1435-1438.

 

Wang M, Kim S, Gonzalez A, MacLeod K, Winkleby M. Socioeconomic and food-related physical characteristics of the neighborhood environment are associated with body mass index. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:491-498.

 

Wiecha J, Finkelstein D, Troped P, Fragala M, Peterson K. School vending machine use and fast-food restaurant use are associated with sweetened beverage intake in youth. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:1624-1630.

 

Wootan M, Osborn M. Availability of nutrition information from chain restaurants in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(3):266-268.

 

Wrigley N, Warm D, Margetts B. Deprivation, diet and food retail access: Findings from the Leeds `Food Deserts' study. Environ Plan A. 2003;35:151-88.

 

Wrigley N, Warm D, Margetts B, Whelan A. Assessing the impact of improved retail access on diet in a 'food desert'; a preliminary report. Urban Stud. 2002;39(11):2061-2082.

 

Zenk SN, Powell L. US secondary schools and food outlets. Health & Place. 2007.

 

Zenk SN, Schulz A, Hollis-Neely T, Campbell R, Holmes N, Nwankwo R, Odoms-Young A. Fruit and vegetable intake in African Americans: Income and store characteristics. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29(1):1-9.

 

Zenk SN, Schulz AJ, Israel BA, James SA, Bao S, Wilson ML. Fruit and vegetable access differs by community racial composition and socioeconomic position in Detroit, Michigan. Ethn Dis. 2006;16(1):275-280.

 

Zenk SN, Schulz AJ, Israel BA, James SA, Bao S, Wilson ML. Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in metropolitan Detroit. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:660-7.

 

 

Other Promising Food-Related Policy and Environmental Strategies References

Childcare/Preschool References

 

American Academy of Pediatrics, American Public Health Association, National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Childcare. Caring for our children. National Health and Safety Performance Standards: Guidelines for out-of-home child care, 2nd edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics and American Public Health Association; 2002.

 

American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Benchmarks for nutrition programs in child care settings. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(6):979-986.

 

Ammerman AS, Ward DS, Benjamin SE, et al. An intervention to promote healthy weight: Nutrition and physical activity self-assessment for child care (NAP SACC) theory and design. Prev Chronic Dis. 2007;4:A67.
 
Benjamin SE, Neelon B, Ball SC, Bangdiwala SI, Ammerman AS, Ward DS. Reliability and validity of a nutrition and physical activity environmental self-assessment for child care. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.  2007;4:29.

 

Briley ME, Jastrow S, Vickers J, Roberts-Gray C. Dietary intake at child-care centers and away: Are parents and care providers working as partners or at cross-purposes? J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99(8):950-954.

 

Briley ME, Roberts-Gray C, Rowe S. What can children learn from the menu at the child care center? J Community Health. 1993;18(6):363-377.

 

Briley ME, Roberts-Gray C, Simpson D. Identification of factors that influence the menu at child care centers: A grounded theory approach. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94(3):276-281.

 

Cockroft JE, Durkin M, Masding C, Cade JE. Fruit and vegetable intakes in a sample of pre-school children participating in the 'Five for All' project in Bradford. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(7)861-869.

 

Crepinsek MK, Burstein NR, Lee EB, Kennedy SD, Hamilton WL. Meals offered by Tier 2 CACFP Family Child Care Providers: Effects of lower meal reimbursements. A Report to Congress on the Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service; 2002. E-FAN-02-006.

 

Dunn C, Thomas C, Ward D, Pegram L, Webber K, Cullitan C. Design and implementation of a nutrition and physical activity curriculum for child care settings. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006;3:A58.

 

Fellmeth RC. The child care system in the United States. In: Wallace HM, Green G, Jaros KJ, eds. Health and Welfare for Families in the 21st Century. 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2003.

 

Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Dyer AR, VanHorn L, KauferChristoffel K. A community-based obesity prevention program for minority children: Rationale and study design for Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Prev Med. 2002;34(2):289-297.

 

Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer L, Van Horn L, KauferChristoffel K, Dyer A. Two-year follow-up results for Hip-Hop to Health Jr.: A randomized controlled trial for overweight prevention in preschool minority children.[see comment]. Pediatrics. 2005;146(5):618-625.

 

Fleischhacker S, Cason KL, Achterberg C. "You had peas today?": A pilot study comparing a Head Start child-care center's menu with the actual food served. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(2):277-280.

 

Fox MK, Glanz FB, Geitz L, Burstein N. Early Childhood and Child Care Study: Nutritional assessment of the CACFP. Volume II. Final Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Service; 1997.

 

Gable S, Lutz S. Nutrition socialization experiences of children in the Head Start program. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(5):572-577.

 

Glanz F. Child and adult care food program, 2004. In: Fox MK, Hamilton W, Lin BH, eds. Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Health and Nutrition. Vol. 3. Literature Review. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 19-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2004.

 

Hofferth SL. Child care in the United States today. Future Child. 1996;6(2):41-61.

 

Hughes SO, Patrick H, Power TG, Fisher JO, Anderson CB, Nicklas TA. The impact of child care providers' feeding on children's food consumption. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28:100-107.

 

Kranz S, Hartman T, Siega-Riz AM, Herring AH. A diet quality index for American preschoolers based on current dietary intake recommendations and an indicator of energy balance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(10):1594-1604.

 

Kranz S, Siega-Riz AM, Herring AH. Changes in diet quality of American preschoolers between 1977 and 1998. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(9):1525-1530.

 

National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Childcare, US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. Individual States' Child Care Licensure Regulations http://nrc.uchsc.edu/STATES/states.htm.

 

Needham L, Dwyer JJ, Randall-Simpson J, Heeney ES. Supporting healthy eating among preschoolers: Challenges for child care staff. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2007;68:107-110.

 

Oakley CB, Bomba AK, Knight KB, Byrd SH. Evaluation of menus planned in Mississippi child-care centers participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95(7):765-768.

 

Padget A, Briley ME. Dietary intakes at child-care centers in central Texas fail to meet Food Guide Pyramid recommendations. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(5):790-793.

 

Romaine N, Mann L, Kienapple K, Conrad B. Menu planning for childcare centres: Practices and needs. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2007;68:7-13.

 

Smolensky E, Gootman JA, Committee on Family and Work Policies (U.S.), National Research Council (US). Working families and growing kids: Caring for children and adolescents. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2003.

 

Story M, Kaphingst KM, French S. The role of child care settings in obesity prevention. Future Child. 2006;16(1):143-168.

 

Welsh JA, Cogswell ME, Rogers S, Rockett H, Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM. Overweight among low-income preschool children associated with the consumption of sweet drinks: Missouri, 1999-2002. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):e223-229.

 

Williams CL, Bollella MC, Strobino BA, et al. "Healthy-start": outcome of an intervention to promote a heart healthy diet in preschool children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(1):62-71.

 

Williams CL, Strobino BA, Bollella M, Brotanek J. Cardiovascular risk reduction in preschool children: The "Healthy Start" project. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(2):117-123.

School/After School References

Action for Healthy Kids. The learning connection: The value of improving nutrition and physical activity in our schools (2004). Available at: www.actionforhealthykids.org.

 

Adams MA, Pelletier RL, Zive MM, Sallis JF. Salad bars and fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary schools: A plate waste study.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2005;105(11):1789-1792.

 

American Beverage Association. School beverage guidelines. Washington, DC: American Beverage Association; 2006.

 

Anderson PM, Butcher KF. Reading, writing and Raisinets: Are school finances contributing to children's obesity? (2005). Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11177.

 

Cassady D, Vogt R, Oto-Kent D, Mosley R, Lincoln R. The power of policy: A case study of healthy eating among children. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(9):1570-1571.

 

Center for Science in the Public Interest, Public Health Advocacy Institute. Raw deal: School beverage contracts less lucrative than they seem (2006). Available at: http://www.cspinet.org/beveragecontracts.pdf.

 

Clinton Foundation. Healthy school beverage guidelines. Available at: http://www.clintonfoundation.org.

 

Craypo L, Purcell A, Samuels SE, Agron P, Bell E, Takada E. Fast food sales on high school campuses: Results from the 2000 California high school fast food survey. J Sch Health. 2002;72(2):78-82.

 

Craypo L, Samuels SE, Purcell A. The 2003 California high school fast food survey. Oakland, CA: Public Health Institute; 2004.

 

Cullen KW, Hartstein J, Reynolds KD, et al. Improving the school food environment: Results from a pilot study in middle schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107:484-489.

 

Cullen KW, Thompson DI. Texas school food policy changes related to middle school a la carte/snack bar foods: Potential savings in kilocalories.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(12):1952-1954.

 

Cullen KW, Zakeri I. Fruits, vegetables, milk, and sweetened beverages consumption and access to a la carte/snack bar meals at school. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(3):463-467.

 

Datar A, Sturm R, Magnabosco JL. Childhood overweight and academic performance: National study of kindergartners and first-graders. Obes Res. 2004;12(1):58-68.

 

Davee AM, Blum JE, Devore RL, et al. The vending and a la carte policy intervention in Maine public high schools. Preventing Chronic Disease. 2005;2 Spec no:A14.

 

Delva J, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. Availability of healthy and less healthy food choices in American schools: A national study of grade, race/ethnic, and SES differences. Am J Prev Med. 2007.

 

Dwyer JT, Michell P, Cosentino C, et al. Fat-sugar see-saw in school lunches: Impact of a low fat intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2003;32(6):428-435.

 

Eriksen K, Haraldsdottir J, Pederson R, Flyger HV. Effect of a fruit and vegetable subscription in Danish schools. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(1):57-63.

 

Fleischhacker S. Food fight: The battle over redefining competitive foods. J Sch Health. 2007;77:147-152.

 

Food Research and Action Center. Competitive Foods in Schools: Child Nutrition Policy Brief. Available at: www.frac.org/html/federal_food_programs/programs/nslp.html.

 

Food Research and Action Center. Local School Wellness Policies. (Current News & Analysis). Available at: http://www.frac.org/html/federal_food_programs/programs/school_wellness.html.

 

Fox MK, Crepinsek P, Connor P, Battaglia M. School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-II: Summary of Findings. Alexandria, VA: US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation; 2001.

 

French SA, Story M. Obesity prevention in schools. In: Goran MI, Sothern MS, eds. Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 2006:291-309.

 

French SA, Stables G. Environmental interventions to promote vegetable and fruit consumption among youth in school settings. Prev Med. 2003;37:593-610.

 

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA, Gerlach AF. Food environment in secondary schools: A la carte, vending machines, and food policies and practices. Am J Public Health.  2003; 93:1161-7.

 

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA. School food policies and practices: A state-wide survey of secondary school principals.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2002;102(12):1785-1789.

 

French SA, Story M, Fulkerson JA, Hannan P. An environmental intervention to promote lower-fat food choices in secondary schools: Outcomes of the TACOS Study. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(9):1507-1512.

 

Gleason P, Suitor C, US Food and Nutrition Service. Children's diets in the mid-1990s: Dietary intake and its relationship with school meal participation. Alexandria, VA: US Dept of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service; 2001.

 

Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, et al. Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc. 1999;153(4):409-418.

 

Graham H, Zidenberg-Cherr S. California teachers perceive school gardens as an effective nutritional tool to promote healthful eating habits.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2005;105(11):1797-1800.

 

Greves HM, Rivara FP. Report card on school snack food policies among the United States' largest school districts in 2004-2005: Room for improvement. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3.

 

Harnack L, Snyder P, Story M, Holliday R, Lytle L, Neumark-Sztainer D. Availability of a la carte food items in junior and senior high schools: A needs assessment.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2000;100(6):701-703.

 

Institute of Medicine (US). 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

 

Johnston, LD, Delva J, O'Malley PM.  Soft drink availability, contracts, and revenues in American secondary schools.  Am J Prev Med. 2007; 33(4 Suppl 1):S209-S225.

 

Kann L, Grunbaum JA, McKenna ML, Wechsler H, Galuska DA. Competitive foods and beverages available for purchase in secondary schools -- Selected sites, United States, 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2005;54(37):917-921.

 

Katz DL, O'Connell M, Yeh M, et al. Public health strategies for preventing and controlling overweight and obesity in school and worksite settings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2005;54(RR-10):1-12.

 

Kelder S, Hoelscher DM, Barroso CS, Walker JL, Cribb P, Hu S. The CATCH kids club: A pilot after-school study for improving elementary students' nutrition and physical activity. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8:133-140.

 

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Hannan PJ, Perry CL, Story M. The association of the school food environment with dietary behaviors of young adolescents. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(7):1168-1173.

 

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Story M. Schoolwide food practices are associated with body mass index in middle school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc. 2005;159(12):1111-1114.

 

Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Story M. Soft drinks, candy, and fast food: What parents and teachers think about the middle school food environment.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(2):233-239.

 

Larson N, Story M. School foods sold outside of meals (competitive foods). Research Brief. Princeton, NJ: Healthy Eating Research, a National Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2006.

 

Mangunkusumo RT, Brug J, de Koning HJ, Van Der Lei J, Raat H. School-based internet-tailored fruit and vegetable education combined with brief counselling increases children's awareness of intake levels. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:273-279.

 

Marlette MA, Templeton SB, Panemangalore M. Food type, food preparation, and competitive food purchases impact school lunch plate waste by sixth-grade students.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2005;105(11):1779-1782.

 

Masse LC, Frosh MM, Chriqui JF, Yaroch AL, Agurs-Collins T, Blanck HM, Atienza AA, McKenna ML, Igoe JF. Development of a School Nutrition-Environment State Policy Classification System (SNESPCS). Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(4 Suppl 1):S277-S286.

 

McCullum-Gomez C, Barroso CS, Hoelscher DM, Ward JL, Kelder SH. Factors Influencing Implementation of the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) Eat Smart School Nutrition Program in Texas.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2006;106(12):2039-2044.

 

Neumark-Sztainer D, French SA, Hannan PJ, Story M, Fulkerson JA. School lunch and snacking patterns among high school students: Associations with school food environment and policies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005;2(1):14.

 

Obarzanek E, Pratt CA. Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS): New approaches to obesity prevention among young African-American girls. Ethnicity and Disease. 2003;13(1 Suppl 1):S1-5.

 

O'Toole TP, Anderson S, Miller C, Guthrie J. Nutrition services and foods and beverages available at school: Results from the school health policies and programs study 2006. J Sch Health. 2007;77:500-521.

 

Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor GL, et al. A randomized school trial of environmental strategies to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption among children. Health Education and Behavior. 2004;31(1):65-76.

 

Probart C, McDonnell E, Bailey-Davis L, Weirich JE. Existence and predictors of soft drink advertisements in Pennsylvania high schools.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(12):2052-2056.

 

Probart C, McDonnell E, Weirich JE, Hartman T, Bailey-Davis L, Prabhakher V. Competitive foods available in Pennsylvania public high schools.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2005;105(8):1243-1249.

 

Rampersaud GC, Pereira MA, Girard BL, Adams J, Metzl JD. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(5):743-760; quiz 761-742.

 

Ransley JK, Greenwood DC, Cade JE, et al. Does the school fruit and vegetable scheme improve children's diet? A non-randomised controlled trial. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:699-703.

 

Reinaerts E, de Nooijer J, Candel M, de Vries N. Increasing children's fruit and vegetable consumption: Distribution or a multicomponent programme? Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:939-947.

 

Resnicow K, Robinson T. School-based cardiovascular disease prevention studies: Review and synthesis. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;S7(1997):S14-S31.

 

Richter KP, Harris KJ, Paine-Andrews A, Fawcett SB, Schmid TL, Lankenau BH, Johnston J. Measuring the health environment for physical activity and nutrition among youth: A review of the literature and applications for community initiatives. Prev Med. 2000;30:S98-S111.

 

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Healthy Schools for Healthy Kids. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2003.

 

Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Conway TL, Elder JP, Prochaska JJ, et al. Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial in middle schools. Prev Med. 2003;24:209-17.

 

Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Conway TL, et al. Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial in middle schools. Prev Med. 2003;24:209-217.

 

Samuels & Associates. Competitive Foods. Policy Brief. Oakland, CA: Samuels & Associates; 2006.

 

Stables GJ, Young EM, Howerton MW, et al. Small school-based effectiveness trials increase vegetable and fruit consumption among youth.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(2):252-256.

 

Story M. School-based approaches for preventing and treating obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 1999;23 (Suppl 2):S43-51.

 

Story M, Kaphingst KM, French S. The role of schools in obesity prevention. Future Child. 2006; 16:109-42.

 

Taras H. Nutrition and student performance at school. J Sch Health. 2005;75(6):199-213.

 

Templeton SB, Marlette MA, Panemangalore M. Competitive foods increase the intake of energy and decrease the intake of certain nutrients by adolescents consuming school lunch.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(2):215-220.

 

Tershakovec AM, Weller SC, Gallagher PR. Obesity, school performance and behaviour of black, urban elementary school children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18(5):323-327.

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Education. Making it happen! School nutrition success stories. Alexandria, VA 2005. FNS-374.

 

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foods sold in competition with the USDA meal programs: A report to Congress (2001). Available at: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Lunch/CompetitiveFoods/report_congress.htm.

 

U.S. Government Accountability Office. School Meal Programs: Competitive foods are widely available and generate substantial revenues for schools. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office; 2005. GAO-05-563.

 

U.S. General Accounting Office. Commercial activities in schools. A report to congressional requesters. Washington, DC 2000. GAO/HEHS-00-156.

 

U.S. General Accounting Office. School lunch program: Efforts needed to improve nutrition and encourage healthy eating. Washington, DC 2003. GAO-03-506.

 

U.S. General Accounting Office. School Meal Programs: Competitive foods are available in many schools; actions taken to restrict them differ by state and locality. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office; 2004. GAO-04-673.

 

U.S. General Accounting Office. School meal Programs: revenue and expense information from selected states 2003. GAO-03-569.

 

Wechsler H, Brener ND, Kuester S, Miller C. Food service and foods and beverages available at school: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000. J Sch Health. 2001;71(7):313-324.

 

Wechsler H, Devereaux AB, Davis M, Collins JL. Using the school environment to promote physical activity and healthy eating. Prev Med. 2000;31(suppl):S121-S137.

 

Wildey MB, Pampalone SZ, Pelletier RL, Zive MM, Elder JP, Sallis JF. Fat and sugar levels are high in snacks purchased from student stores in middle schools.  J Am Diet Assoc . 2000;100(3):319-322.

 

Wojcicki JM, Heyman MB. Healthier choices and increased participation in a middle school lunch program: Effects of nutrition policy changes in San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(9):1542-1547.

 

General Nutrition Policy and Environment References

Alderman J, Smith JA, Fried EJ, Daynard RA. Application of law to the childhood obesity epidemic. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2006;35(1):90-112.

 

Ashe, M, Feldstein, LM, Graff, S, Kline, R, Pinkas, D, Zellars, L. Local venues for change: Legal strategies for healthy environments. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2007;35(1):7-9.

 

Baker E, Kelly C, Barnidge E, Strayhorn J, Schootman M, Struthers J, Griffith D. The Garden of Eden: Acknowledging the impact of race and class in efforts to decrease obesity rates. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1170-1174.

 

Ball K, Timperio AF, Crawford DA. Understanding environmental influences on nutrition and physical activity behaviors: Where should we look and what should we count? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006.

 

Boehmer TK, Brownson RC, Haire-Joshu D, Dresinger ML. Patterns of childhood obesity prevention legislation in the United States. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy. 2007;4(3):1-11.

 

Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 79:537-43. Erratum. 2004 Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(4):1090.

 

Bridging the Gap: Research informing practice and policy for healthy youth behavior.  Supplement to American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2007;33(4):S147-310.

 

Brownson, RC, Haire-Joshu, D, Luke, DA. Shaping the context of health: A review of environmental and policy approaches in the prevention of chronic diseases. Ann Rev Public Health. 2006;27:341-70.

 

Campbell K, Waters E, O'Meara S, Summerbell C. Interventions for preventing obesity in childhood. A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2001;2(3):149-157.

 

Chaloupka FJ, Johnston LD.  Bridging the Gap: Research informing practice and policy for healthy youth behavior.  Am J Prev Med. 2007; 33(4 Suppl 1):S147-S161.

 

Cooke LJ, Wardle J, Gibson EL, Sapochnik M, Sheiham A, Lawson M. Demographic, familial and trait predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption by pre-school children. Public Health Nutr. 2004; 7:295-302.

 

Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Owens E, Marsh T, Rittenberry L, de Moor C. Availability, accessibility, and preferences for fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables influence children's dietary behavior. Health Educ Behav. 2003;30:615-26.

 

Food Research and Action Center. State of the States: 2006. A profile of food and nutrition programs across the nation (March 2006). Available at: www.frac.org.

 

Fox MK, Hamilton W, Lin BH. Effects of food assistance and nutrition programs on health and nutrition. Vol. 3. Literature Review. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 19-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2004.

 

Foxhall K. Beginning to begin: Reports from the battle on obesity. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(12):2106-2112.

 

Glanz K, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD. Healthy nutrition environments: Concepts and measures. Am J Health Promot. 2005;19(5):330-333, ii.

 

Grimm GC, Harnack L, Story M. Factors associated with soft drink consumption in school-aged children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:1244-9.

 

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity. Progress in preventing childhood obesity: How do we measure up? Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 2006.

 

Institute of Medicine (US), Committee on Prevention of Obesity in Children and Youth, Koplan J, Liverman CT, Kraak VI. 2005. Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

 

James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, Kerr D. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 2004;328(7450):1237.

 

Lytle LA, Achterberg C. Changing the diet of America's children: What works and why? J Nutr Educ. 1995;27(5):250-260.

 

Matson-Koffman DM, Brownstein JN, Neiner JA, Greaney ML. A site-specific literature review of policy and environmental interventions that promote physical activity and nutrition for cardiovascular health: What works? Am J Health Promot. 2005;19(3):167-193.

 

Nestle M. Food Politics: How the food industry influences nutrition and health. Los Angeles: University of California Press; 2002.

 

Papas MA, Alberg AJ, Ewing R, Helzlsouer KJ, Gary TL, Klassen AC. The built environment and obesity. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:129-143.

 

Parker L. The federal nutrition programs: a safety net for very young children. Zero to Three. 2000;21(1)29-36.

 

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site. Childhood obesity interest area. http://www.rwjf.org/portfolios/interestarea.jsp?iaid=138.

 

Sallis JF, Glanz K. The role of built environments in physical activity, eating, and obesity in childhood. Future Child. 2006;16:89-108.

 

Sloane D, Diamount A, Lewis L, Yancey A, Flynn G, Nascimento L, McCarthy W, Guinyard J, Cousineau M. Improving the nutritional resource environment for healthy living through community-based participatory research. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:568-575.

 

Stafford M, Cummins S, Ellaway A, Sacker A, Wiggins R, Macintyre S. Pathways to obesity: Identifying local, modifiable determinants of physical activity and diet. Soc Sci Med. 2007.

 

Stephenson, G, Lev, L, Brewer, L. When things don't work: Some insights into why farmers' markets close. Special Report 1073. 2006. Available at http://smallfarms.oregonstate.edu/oregon-small-farms-technical-reports.

 

Trust for America's Health. F as in Fat: how obesity policies are failing in America (2006). Available at  http://healthyamericans.org/reports/obesity2006/.

 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001.

 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005.